| Description |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most common renal diseases that present with kidney damage (proteinuria, hematuria, or anatomical abnormality) or a decline in glomerular filtration rate (< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months). The CKD incidence rate has recently increased up to 10.8% in China and 14.8% in the United States. As the initial kidney damage progresses to kidney failure, the affected individuals are at an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease and sudden death. Therefore, CKD has become a global public health concern. CKD can be caused by congenital anomalies in the kidneys and urinary tract, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, chronic glomerulonephritis, renal cystic ciliopathies, and urinary stone disease. |
