Error correcting code Publication name Redundancy Data recovery rate Date DOI Journal Country Organization Error correcting code type XOR Driving the Scalability of DNA-Based Information Storage Systems 100% 2019 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00100 ACS Synthetic Biology USA NCSU XOR XOR An alternative approach to nucleic acid memory 100% 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-22277-y Nature Communications USA Boise State University XOR XOR Storage‐D: A user‐friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage 100% 2024 10.1002/imt2.168 iMate China Chinese Academy of Sciences XOR XOR Cost-Effective DNA Storage System with DNA Movable Type 10% 100% 2024 10.1002/advs.202411354 Advenced Science China China National Center for Bioinformation XOR Varshamov-Tenengolts (VT) codes Correcting a Single Indel/Edit for DNA-Based Data Storage: Linear-Time Encoders and Order-Optimality. 2021 10.1109/TIT.2021.3049627 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design Others Three level error correction A Hierarchical Error Correction Strategy for Text DNA Storage 2021 10.1007/s12539-021-00476-x Interdisciplinary Sciences-Computational Life Sciences China Guangzhou University Others Single parity-check coding Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA 300% 100% 2013 10.1038/nature11875 Nature UK Wellcome Trust Others RS-LDPC Reducing cost in DNA-based data storage by sequence analysis-aided soft information decoding of variable-length reads 2023 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad548 Bioinformatics Korea Seoul National University RS,LDPC RS Robust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes 28% 100% 2015 10.1002/anie.201411378 Angewandte Chemie International Edition Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich RS RS DNA Fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture 7% 100% 2017 10.1126/science.aaj2038 Science USA Columbia University in the City of New York RS RS Random access in large-scale DNA data storage 15% / 25% 100% 2018 10.1038/nbt.4079 Nature Biotechnology USA Microsoft RS RS A DNA-of-things storage architecture to create materials with embedded memory 320% 100% 2019 10.1038/s41587-019-0356-z Nature biotechnology Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich RS RS Data storage in DNA with fewer synthesis cycles using composite DNA letters 100% 2019 10.1038/s41587-019-0240-x Nature Biotechnology Israel The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya RS RS DNA assembly for nanopore data storage readout 100% (Shuttle,Apollo,365-Dishes), no (Vitruvian) 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-10978-4 Nature Communications USA University of Washington RS RS High information capacity DNA-based data storage with augmented encoding characters using degenerate bases 7.60% 100% 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-43105-w Scientific Reports Korea Seoul National University RS RS Low cost DNA data storage using photolithographic synthesis and advanced information reconstruction and error correction 60% 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-19148-3 Nature Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich RS RS DNA Micro-Disks for the Management of DNA-Based Data Storage with Index and Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) Memory Features 2020 10.1002/adma.202001249 Advenced Materials Korea Seoul National University RS RS HEDGES error-correcting code for DNA storage corrects indels and allows sequence constraints 100% 2020 10.1073/pnas.2004821117 PNAS USA University of Texas System RS RS Reading and writing digital data in DNA 27.80% 2020 10.1038/s41596-019-0244-5 Nature Protocols Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich RS RS NOREC4DNA: using near-optimal rateless erasure codes for DNA storage 2021 10.1186/s12859-021-04318-x BMC Bioinformatics Germany University of Marburg RS RS Electrochemical DNA synthesis and sequencing on a single electrode with scalability for integrated data storage 40% 100% 2021 10.1126/sciadv.abk0100 Science Advances China Southeast University RS RS Promiscuous molecules for smarter file operations in DNA-based data storage 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-23669-w Nature Communications USA NCSU RS RS Molecular-level similarity search brings computing to DNA data storage 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-24991-z Nature Communications USA University of Washington RS RS Towards practical and robust DNA-based data archiving using the yin–yang codec system 2022 10.1038/s43588-022-00231-2 Nature Computational Science China BGI RS RS DeSP: a systematic DNA storage error simulation pipeline 12.70% 2022 10.1186/s12859-022-04723-w BMC Bioinformatics China Tsinghua University RS RS Adaptive coding for DNA storage with high storage density and low coverage 2022 10.1038/s41540-022-00233-w NPJ Syst Biol Appl China Dalian University RS RS DNA-Based Concatenated Encoding System for High-Reliability and High-Density Data Storage 2022 10.1002/smtd.202101335 Small Methods China Tsinghua University RS RS Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA 15% 2022 10.1002/smll.202107381 Small Methods Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich RS RS Information decay and enzymatic information recovery for DNA data storage 2022 10.1038/s42003-022-04062-9 Communications Biology Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich RS RS Integrated Microfluidic DNA Storage Platform with Automated Sample Handling and Physical Data Partitioning 14.29%, 20% 100% 2022 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02667 Analytical Chemistry China Southern University of Science and Technology RS RS In vivo processing of digital information molecularly with targeted specificity and robust reliability 2022 10.1126/sciadv.abo7415 Science Advances China Tsinghua University RS RS RBS: A Rotational Coding Based on Blocking Strategy for DNA Storage 2023 10.1109/TNB.2023.3254514 IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience China Dalian University RS RS Processing DNA Storage through Programmable Assembly in a Droplet-Based Fluidics System 2023 10.1002/advs.202303197 Advenced Science Korea Incheon National University RS RS Mobile and Self-Sustained Data Storage in an Extremophile Genomic DNA 2023 10.1002/advs.202206201 Advenced Science China Peking University RS RS Towards Chinese Text and DNA shift encoding scheme based on biomass plasmid storage 2023 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1276934 Front Bioinform China Guangzhou University RS RS Metal-Organic Frameworks in Microfluidics Enable Fast Encapsulation/Extraction of DNA for Automated and Integrated Data Storage 14.29% 2023 10.1021/acsnano.2c11241 ACS Nano China Southern University of Science and Technology RS RS A dual-rule encoding DNA storage system using chaotic mapping to control GC content 9.41% 2024 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae113 Bioinformatics China Zhengzhou University of Light Industry RS RS Iterative Soft Decoding Algorithm for DNA Storage Using Quality Score and Redecoding 5.26% 2024 10.1109/TNB.2023.3284406 IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience Korea Seoul National University RS RS Data recovery methods for DNA storage based on fountain codes 2024 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.048 Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal Germany University of Marburg RS RS Rapid Information Retrieval from DNA Storage with Microfluidic Very Large-Scale Integration Platform 2024 10.1002/smll.202309867 Small Methods Singapore National University of Singapore RS RS Explorer: efficient DNA coding by De Bruijn graph toward arbitrary local and global biochemical constraints 2024 10.1093/bib/bbae363 Briefings in Bioinformatics China Tianjin University RS RS Improving error-correcting capability in DNA digital storage via soft-decision decoding 2024 10.1093/nsr/nwad229 National Science Review China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences RS RS Storage‐D: A user‐friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage 100% 2024 10.1002/imt2.168 iMate China Chinese Academy of Sciences RS RS Cost-Effective DNA Storage System with DNA Movable Type 33.33% 100% 2024 10.1002/advs.202411354 Advenced Science China China National Center for Bioinformation RS RECKONER HD-Code: End-to-End High Density Code for DNA Storage. 100% 2021 10.1109/TNB.2021.3102122 IEEE transactions on nanobioscience China Tianjin University Others PSA A Robust and Efficient DNA Storage Architecture Based on Modulation Encoding and Decoding 2023 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00629 Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling China Guangzhou University Others Protograph LDPC Digital data storage on DNA tape using CRISPR base editors 25% 100% 2023 10.1038/s41467-023-42223-4 Nature Communications USA NCSU LDPC Parity check Robust direct digital-to-biological data storage in living cells 16.70% 2021 10.1038/s41589-020-00711-4 Nature Chemical Biology USA Columbia University in the City of New York Parity check Parity check An alternative approach to nucleic acid memory 100% 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-22277-y Nature Communications USA Boise State University Parity check Levenshtein code Multiple errors correction for position-limited DNA sequences with GC balance and no homopolymer for DNA-based data storage 2023 10.1093/bib/bbac484 Brief Bioinform China Tianjin University Levenshtein code Levenshtein code DNA-QLC: an efficient and reliable image encoding scheme for DNA storage 100% 2024 10.1186/s12864-024-10178-5 BMC Genomics China Dalian University Levenshtein code LDPC Rewritable two-dimensional DNA-based data storage with machine learning reconstruction 3.30% 99.20% 2022 10.1038/s41467-022-30140-x Nature Communications USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign LDPC Homopolymer check codes Portable and Error-Free DNA-Based Data Storage 0 100% 2017 10.1038/s41598-017-05188-1 Scientific Reports USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Others Hamming code Demonstration of End-to-End Automation of DNA Data Storage 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-41228-8 Scientific Reports USA University of Washington Hamming code Hamming code Scaling DNA data storage with nanoscale electrode wells 2021 10.1126/sciadv.abi6714 Science Advances USA Microsoft Hamming code Gaussian XOR elimination Towards long double-stranded chains and robust DNA-based data storage using the random code system 2023 10.3389/fgene.2023.1179867 Frontiers in Genetics China Guangzhou University XOR Fountain codes (RaptorQ) Content-based filter queries on DNA data storage systems 2023 10.1038/s41598-023-34160-5 Scientific Reports Germany GermanyUniversity of Marburg Others DBGPS Robust data storage in DNA by de Bruijn graph-based de novo strand assembly 2022 10.1038/s41467-022-33046-w Nature Communications China Tianjin University Others Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Oligo Design with Single Primer Binding Site for High Capacity DNA-Based Data Storage 10.30% 99% 2020 10.1109/TCBB.2019.2940177 IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Germany Nanyang Technological University Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) DNA-Aeon provides flexible arithmetic coding for constraint adherence and error correction in DNA storage 100% 2023 10.1038/s41467-023-36297-3 Nature Communications Germany GermanyUniversity of Marburg Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) CRC64 Improving error-correcting capability in DNA digital storage via soft-decision decoding 2024 10.1093/nsr/nwad229 National Science Review China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) BCH code Parallel molecular data storage by printing epigenetic bits on DNA 100% 2024 10.1038/s41586-024-08040-5 Nature China Peking University Others (l,e; Bindel)-error-control code Capacity-approaching constrained codes with error correction for DNA-based data storage. 2021 10.1109/TIT.2021.3066430 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory Singapore Singapore University of Technology and Design Others