Sequencing method Publication name Sequencing coverage Date DOI Journal Country Organization Sequencing method type DIPSEQ-T7 (in vitro) Towards practical and robust DNA-based data archiving using the yin–yang codec system 2022 10.1038/s43588-022-00231-2 Nature Computational Science China BGI Others Direct Oligonucleotide Sequencing (DOS) based on Nanopore Scaling logical density of DNA storage with enzymatically-ligated composite motifs 2023 10.1038/s41598-023-43172-0 Scientific Reports France EURECOM Others DNBSEQ-G400 (in vivo) Towards practical and robust DNA-based data archiving using the yin–yang codec system 2022 10.1038/s43588-022-00231-2 Nature Computational Science China BGI Others GenScript Biotech, dual mononucleotide sequencing system Toward highly effective loading of DNA in hydrogels for high-density and long-term information storage 2023 10.1126/sciadv.adg9933 Science Advences China Southeastern University Others Illumina Terminator-free template-independent enzymatic DNA synthesis for digital information storage 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-10258-1 Nature Communications USA Harvard Medical School Illumina Illumina Encoding scheme for data storage and retrieval on DNA computers 2020 10.1049/iet-nbt.2020.0157 IET Nanobiotechnology India Shiv Nadar University Illumina Illumina Oligo Design with Single Primer Binding Site for High Capacity DNA-Based Data Storage 200× 2020 10.1109/TCBB.2019.2940177 IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Germany Nanyang Technological University Illumina Illumina Promiscuous molecules for smarter file operations in DNA-based data storage 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-23669-w Nature Communications USA NCSU Illumina Illumina Adaptive coding for DNA storage with high storage density and low coverage 35× 2022 10.1038/s41540-022-00233-w NPJ Syst Biol Appl China Dalian University Illumina Illumina DNA-Aeon provides flexible arithmetic coding for constraint adherence and error correction in DNA storage 2023 10.1038/s41467-023-36297-3 Nature Communications Germany GermanyUniversity of Marburg Illumina Illumina DNA-QLC: an efficient and reliable image encoding scheme for DNA storage 2024 10.1186/s12864-024-10178-5 BMC Genomics China Dalian University Illumina Illumina HiSeq Next-Generation Digital Information Storage in DNA 3000× 2012 10.1126/science.1226355 Science USA Harvard Medical School Illumina Illumina HiSeq Data storage in DNA with fewer synthesis cycles using composite DNA letters 2019 10.1038/s41587-019-0240-x Nature Biotechnology Israel The Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya Illumina Illumina HiSeq DNA Micro-Disks for the Management of DNA-Based Data Storage with Index and Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) Memory Features 2020 10.1002/adma.202001249 Advenced Materials Korea Seoul National University Illumina Illumina HiSeq Robust data storage in DNA by de Bruijn graph-based de novo strand assembly 2022 10.1038/s41467-022-33046-w Nature Communications China Tianjin University Illumina Illumina HiSeq Assembly of Reusable DNA Blocks for Data Storage Using the Principle of Movable Type Printing 2023 10.1021/acsami.3c01860 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces China Southeast University Illumina Illumina HiSeq Mobile and Self-Sustained Data Storage in an Extremophile Genomic DNA 9.13× 2023 10.1002/advs.202206201 Advenced Science China Peking University Illumina Illumina HiSeq 2000 Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA 1308× 2013 10.1038/nature11875 Nature UK Wellcome Trust Illumina Illumina HiSeq 4000 Sustainable DNA Data Storage on Cellulose Paper 2023 10.1002/smtd.202201610 Small Methods China Tianjin University Illumina Illumina HiSeq X Ten In vivo processing of digital information molecularly with targeted specificity and robust reliability 2022 10.1126/sciadv.abo7415 Science Advances China Tsinghua University Illumina Illumina iSeq 100 A DNA-of-things storage architecture to create materials with embedded memory 11× 2019 10.1038/s41587-019-0356-z Nature biotechnology Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina iSeq 100 Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts 2020 10.1039/d0cc00222d Chemical Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina iSeq 100 Reading and writing digital data in DNA 431× 2020 10.1038/s41596-019-0244-5 Nature Protocols Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina iSeq 100 Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA 2022 10.1002/smll.202107381 Small Methods Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina iSeq 100 Information decay and enzymatic information recovery for DNA data storage 2022 10.1038/s42003-022-04062-9 Communications Biology Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina iSeq 100 A digital twin for DNA data storage based on comprehensive quantification of errors and biases 2023 10.1038/s41467-023-41729-1 Nature Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina MGISEQ-2000 In vivo processing of digital information molecularly with targeted specificity and robust reliability 2022 10.1126/sciadv.abo7415 Science Advances China Tsinghua University Illumina Illumina MiniSeq DNA Micro-Disks for the Management of DNA-Based Data Storage with Index and Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) Memory Features 2020 10.1002/adma.202001249 Advenced Materials Korea Seoul National University Illumina Illumina MiniSeq Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system 2021 10.1038/s41563-021-01021-3 Nature Materials USA Broad Institute Illumina Illumina MiSeq Robust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes 418× 2015 10.1002/anie.201411378 Angewandte Chemie International Edition Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina MiSeq An Epigenetics-Inspired DNA-Based Data Storage System 2016 10.1002/anie.201605531 Angewandte International Edition Chemie UK University of Cambridge Illumina Illumina MiSeq DNA Fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture 444× 2017 10.1126/science.aaj2038 Science USA Columbia University in the City of New York Illumina Illumina MiSeq High information capacity DNA-based data storage with augmented encoding characters using degenerate bases 250× 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-43105-w Scientific Reports Korea Seoul National University Illumina Illumina MiSeq Information stored in nanoscale Encoding data in a single DNA strand with Base64 2020 10.1126/sciadv.abo7415 Nano Today China Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Illumina Illumina MiSeq Metastable hybridization-based DNA information storage to allow rapid and permanent erasure 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-18842-6 Nature Communications USA Rice University Illumina Illumina MiSeq HEDGES error-correcting code for DNA storage corrects indels and allows sequence constraints 50× 2020 10.1073/pnas.2004821117 PNAS USA University of Texas System Illumina Illumina MiSeq Photon-directed multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis for molecular digital data storage 18,021× 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-18681-5 Nature Communications USA Harvard Medical School Illumina Illumina MiSeq Robust direct digital-to-biological data storage in living cells 2021 10.1038/s41589-020-00711-4 Nature Chemical Biology USA Columbia University in the City of New York Illumina Illumina MiSeq Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system 2021 10.1038/s41563-021-01021-3 Nature Materials USA Broad Institute Illumina Illumina MiSeq Rewritable two-dimensional DNA-based data storage with machine learning reconstruction 112× 2022 10.1038/s41467-022-30140-x Nature Communications USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Illumina Illumina MiSeq Integrated Microfluidic DNA Storage Platform with Automated Sample Handling and Physical Data Partitioning 2022 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02667 Analytical Chemistry China Southern University of Science and Technology Illumina Illumina MiSeq Reducing cost in DNA-based data storage by sequence analysis-aided soft information decoding of variable-length reads 2023 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad548 Bioinformatics Korea Seoul National University Illumina Illumina MiSeq Processing DNA Storage through Programmable Assembly in a Droplet-Based Fluidics System 2023 10.1002/advs.202303197 Advenced Science Korea Incheon National University Illumina Illumina MiSeq Iterative Soft Decoding Algorithm for DNA Storage Using Quality Score and Redecoding 2024 10.1109/TNB.2023.3284406 IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience Korea Seoul National University Illumina Illumina MiSeq Storage‐D: A user‐friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage 387× 2024 10.1002/imt2.168 iMate China Chinese Academy of Sciences Illumina Illumina NextSeq Random access in large-scale DNA data storage 5× 2018 10.1038/nbt.4079 Nature Biotechnology USA Microsoft Illumina Illumina NextSeq Quantifying molecular bias in DNA data storage 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-16958-3 Nature Communications USA Microsoft Illumina Illumina NextSeq Low cost DNA data storage using photolithographic synthesis and advanced information reconstruction and error correction 1831× 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-19148-3 Nature Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Illumina Illumina NextSeq Probing the physical limits of reliable DNA data retrieval 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-14319-8 Nature Communications USA University of Washington Illumina Illumina NextSeq An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington Illumina Illumina NextSeq Scaling DNA data storage with nanoscale electrode wells 2021 10.1126/sciadv.abi6714 Science Advances USA Microsoft Illumina Illumina NextSeq Molecular-level similarity search brings computing to DNA data storage 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-24991-z Nature Communications USA University of Washington Illumina Illumina NextSeq DNA storage in thermoresponsive microcapsules for repeated random multiplexed data access 30× 2023 10.1038/s41565-023-01377-4 Nature Nanotechnology Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology Illumina Illumina NextSeq 500 Image storage onto synthetic DNA. 2021 10.1016/j.image.2021.116331 ScienceDirect France Université Côte d’Azur Illumina Illumina NextSeq 500 DeSP: a systematic DNA storage error simulation pipeline 2022 10.1186/s12859-022-04723-w BMC Bioinformatics China Tsinghua University Illumina Illumina NovaSeq In vivo processing of digital information molecularly with targeted specificity and robust reliability 2022 10.1126/sciadv.abo7415 Science Advances China Tsinghua University Illumina Illumina NovaSeq 6000 An alternative approach to nucleic acid memory 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-22277-y Nature Communications USA Boise State University Illumina Illumina NovaSeq 6000 Improving error-correcting capability in DNA digital storage via soft-decision decoding 2024 10.1093/nsr/nwad229 National Science Review China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Illumina Illumina NovaSeq 6000 DNA palette code for time-series archival data storage 4.4× 2025 10.1093/nsr/nwae321 National Science Review China Tianjin University Illumina Illumina NovaSeq 6000 Cost-Effective DNA Storage System with DNA Movable Type 2024 10.1002/advs.202411354 Advenced Science China China National Center for Bioinformation Illumina Illumina TruSeq Nano High density DNA data storage library via dehydration with digital microfluidic retrieval 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-09517-y Nature Communications USA University of Washington Illumina Illumina TruSeq Nano Driving the Scalability of DNA-Based Information Storage Systems 2019 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00100 ACS Synthetic Biology USA NCSU Illumina MGI sequencing Metal-Organic Frameworks in Microfluidics Enable Fast Encapsulation/Extraction of DNA for Automated and Integrated Data Storage 75.93× 2023 10.1021/acsnano.2c11241 ACS Nano China Southern University of Science and Technology Others Microfluidic qPCR with melt curve analysis Rapid Information Retrieval from DNA Storage with Microfluidic Very Large-Scale Integration Platform 2024 10.1002/smll.202309867 Small Methods Singapore National University of Singapore Others MspA nanopores Expanding the Molecular Alphabet of DNA-Based Data Storage Systems with Neural Network Nanopore Readout Processing 2022 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04203 Nano Letters USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Others Nanopore measurement Digital Data Storage Using DNA Nanostructures and Solid-State Nanopores 2019 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04715 Nano Letters UK University of Cambridge Others Nanopore sensing platform Nanopore-Based DNA Hard Drives for Rewritable and Secure Data Storage 2020 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00755 Nano Letters UK University of Cambridge Others Oxford Nanopore Technologies Portable and Error-Free DNA-Based Data Storage 264× 2017 10.1038/s41598-017-05188-1 Scientific Reports USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies Random access in large-scale DNA data storage 36×, 80× 2018 10.1038/nbt.4079 Nature Biotechnology USA Microsoft Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies GridION Expanding the Molecular Alphabet of DNA-Based Data Storage Systems with Neural Network Nanopore Readout Processing 2022 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04203 Nano Letters USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Terminator-free template-independent enzymatic DNA synthesis for digital information storage 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-10258-1 Nature Communications USA Harvard Medical School Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION DNA assembly for nanopore data storage readout 43× 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-10978-4 Nature Communications USA University of Washington Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Demonstration of End-to-End Automation of DNA Data Storage 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-41228-8 Scientific Reports USA University of Washington Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Photon-directed multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis for molecular digital data storage 78,906× 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-18681-5 Nature Communications USA Harvard Medical School Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Integrated Microfluidic DNA Storage Platform with Automated Sample Handling and Physical Data Partitioning 2022 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02667 Analytical Chemistry China Southern University of Science and Technology Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION A Robust and Efficient DNA Storage Architecture Based on Modulation Encoding and Decoding 2023 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00629 Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling China Guangzhou University Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Mobile and Self-Sustained Data Storage in an Extremophile Genomic DNA 9.13× 2023 10.1002/advs.202206201 Advenced Science China Peking University Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Improving error-correcting capability in DNA digital storage via soft-decision decoding 2024 10.1093/nsr/nwad229 National Science Review China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Parallel molecular data storage by printing epigenetic bits on DNA 2024 10.1038/s41586-024-08040-5 Nature China Peking University Oxford Nanopore Technologies Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION Mk1B Digital data storage on DNA tape using CRISPR base editors 2023 10.1038/s41467-023-42223-4 Nature Communications USA NCSU Oxford Nanopore Technologies Sanger sequencing Advancing DNA Steganography with Incorporation of Randomness 2020 10.1002/cbic.202000149 Chembiochem Germany Technische Universität Dresden Sanger sequencing Sanger sequencing Towards long double-stranded chains and robust DNA-based data storage using the random code system 2023 10.3389/fgene.2023.1179867 Frontiers in Genetics China Guangzhou University Sanger sequencing Sanger sequencing DNA data storage in electrospun and melt-electrowritten composite nucleic acid-polymer fibers 2023 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100900 Mater Today Biology Spain CIC nanoGUNE BRTA Sanger sequencing Sanger sequencing Towards Chinese Text and DNA shift encoding scheme based on biomass plasmid storage 2023 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1276934 Front Bioinform China Guangzhou University Sanger sequencing Sanger sequencing Assembly of Reusable DNA Blocks for Data Storage Using the Principle of Movable Type Printing 2023 10.1021/acsami.3c01860 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces China Southeast University Sanger sequencing Sanger sequencing Processing DNA Storage through Programmable Assembly in a Droplet-Based Fluidics System 2023 10.1002/advs.202303197 Advenced Science Korea Incheon National University Sanger sequencing Sanger sequencing Mobile and Self-Sustained Data Storage in an Extremophile Genomic DNA 9.13× 2023 10.1002/advs.202206201 Advenced Science China Peking University Sanger sequencing Sanger sequencing Cell Disk DNA Storage System Capable of Random Reading and Rewriting 2024 10.1002/advs.202305921 Advenced Science China Northwestern Polytechnical University Sanger sequencing Sequencing method on the same electrode based on charge redistribution Electrochemical DNA synthesis and sequencing on a single electrode with scalability for integrated data storage 2021 10.1126/sciadv.abk0100 Science Advances China Southeast University Others Swift Biosciences Accel-NGS 1S Plus DNA Information decay and enzymatic information recovery for DNA data storage 2022 10.1038/s42003-022-04062-9 Communications Biology Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Others