Storage medium Publication name Storage capacity Storage method (in vitro/in vivo) Date DOI Journal Country Organization Storage medium type H. bluephagenesis Mobile and Self-Sustained Data Storage in an Extremophile Genomic DNA In vivo storage 2023 10.1002/advs.202206201 Advenced Science China Peking University H. bluephagenesis H. bluephagenesis Storage‐D: A user‐friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage In vivo storage 2024 10.1002/imt2.168 iMate China Chinese Academy of Sciences H. bluephagenesis PBS solution DNA Stability in Biodosimetry, Pharmacy and DNA Based Data-Storage: Optimal Storage and Handling Conditions In vitro storage 2022 10.1002/cbic.202200391 Chembiochem Germany BAM PBS solution PBS solution DNA Stability in Biodosimetry, Pharmacy and DNA Based Data-Storage: Optimal Storage and Handling Conditions In vitro storage 2022 10.1002/cbic.202200391 Chembiochem Germany BAM PBS solution DNA powder Integrated Microfluidic DNA Storage Platform with Automated Sample Handling and Physical Data Partitioning In vitro storage 2022 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02667 Analytical Chemistry China Southern University of Science and Technology DNA powder DNA powder Towards long double-stranded chains and robust DNA-based data storage using the random code system In vitro storage 2023 10.3389/fgene.2023.1179867 Frontiers in Genetics China Guangzhou University DNA powder DNA solution Next-Generation Digital Information Storage in DNA 1.28 PB/g In vitro storage 2012 10.1126/science.1226355 Science USA Harvard Medical School DNA solution DNA solution Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA 2.2 PB/g In vitro storage 2013 10.1038/nature11875 Nature UK Wellcome Trust DNA solution DNA solution A Rewritable, Random-Access DNA-Based Storage System 490,000 PB/g In vitro storage 2015 10.1038/srep14138 Scientific Reports USA University of Illinois DNA solution DNA solution DNA Fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture 215 PB/g In vitro storage 2017 10.1126/science.aaj2038 Science USA Columbia University in the City of New York DNA solution DNA solution Terminator-free template-independent enzymatic DNA synthesis for digital information storage In vitro storage 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-10258-1 Nature Communications USA Harvard Medical School DNA solution DNA solution DNA assembly for nanopore data storage readout In vitro storage 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-10978-4 Nature Communications USA University of Washington DNA solution DNA solution Driving the Scalability of DNA-Based Information Storage Systems In vitro storage 2019 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00100 ACS Synthetic Biology USA NCSU DNA solution DNA solution Demonstration of End-to-End Automation of DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-41228-8 Scientific Reports USA University of Washington DNA solution DNA solution High information capacity DNA-based data storage with augmented encoding characters using degenerate bases 490 PB/g; 772 PB/g In vivo storage 2019 10.1038/s41598-019-43105-w Scientific Reports Korea Seoul National University DNA solution DNA solution Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts In vitro storage 2020 10.1039/d0cc00222d Chemical Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich DNA solution DNA solution Low cost DNA data storage using photolithographic synthesis and advanced information reconstruction and error correction In vitro storage 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-19148-3 Nature Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich DNA solution DNA solution Metastable hybridization-based DNA information storage to allow rapid and permanent erasure In vitro storage 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-18842-6 Nature Communications USA Rice University DNA solution DNA solution Probing the physical limits of reliable DNA data retrieval 17 EB/g In vitro storage 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-14319-8 Nature Communications USA University of Washington DNA solution DNA solution Photon-directed multiplexed enzymatic DNA synthesis for molecular digital data storage In vitro storage 2020 10.1038/s41467-020-18681-5 Nature Communications USA Harvard Medical School DNA solution DNA solution HEDGES error-correcting code for DNA storage corrects indels and allows sequence constraints In vitro storage 2020 10.1073/pnas.2004821117 PNAS USA University of Texas System DNA solution DNA solution Reading and writing digital data in DNA In vitro storage 2020 10.1038/s41596-019-0244-5 Nature Protocols Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich DNA solution DNA solution Electrochemical DNA synthesis and sequencing on a single electrode with scalability for integrated data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1126/sciadv.abk0100 Science Advances China Southeast University DNA solution DNA solution Molecular-level similarity search brings computing to DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1038/s41467-021-24991-z Nature Communications USA University of Washington DNA solution DNA solution Image storage onto synthetic DNA. In vitro storage 2021 10.1016/j.image.2021.116331 ScienceDirect France Université Côte d’Azur DNA solution DNA solution An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington DNA solution DNA solution Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene DNA solution DNA solution Robust data storage in DNA by de Bruijn graph-based de novo strand assembly 295 PB/g In vitro storage 2022 10.1038/s41467-022-33046-w Nature Communications China Tianjin University DNA solution DNA solution Information decay and enzymatic information recovery for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2022 10.1038/s42003-022-04062-9 Communications Biology Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich DNA solution DNA solution Towards practical and robust DNA-based data archiving using the yin–yang codec system 2.25 EB/g In vitro storage 2022 10.1038/s43588-022-00231-2 Nature Computational Science China BGI DNA solution DNA solution Processing DNA Storage through Programmable Assembly in a Droplet-Based Fluidics System In vitro storage 2023 10.1002/advs.202303197 Advenced Science Korea Incheon National University DNA solution DNA solution Improving error-correcting capability in DNA digital storage via soft-decision decoding In vitro storage 2024 10.1093/nsr/nwad229 National Science Review China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences DNA solution E. coli Robust direct digital-to-biological data storage in living cells In vivo storage 2021 10.1038/s41589-020-00711-4 Nature Chemical Biology USA Columbia University in the City of New York E. coli E. coli Mobile and Self-Sustained Data Storage in an Extremophile Genomic DNA In vivo storage 2023 10.1002/advs.202206201 Advenced Science China Peking University E. coli E. coli Storage‐D: A user‐friendly platform that enables practical and personalized DNA data storage In vivo storage 2024 10.1002/imt2.168 iMate China Chinese Academy of Sciences E. coli E. coli strain MG1655HNT In vivo processing of digital information molecularly with targeted specificity and robust reliability In vivo storage 2022 10.1126/sciadv.abo7415 Science Advances China Tsinghua University E. coli FTA filter cards Robust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes 25 PB/g In vitro storage 2015 10.1002/anie.201411378 Angewandte Chemie International Edition Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich FTA filter cards FTA filter cards Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene FTA filter cards GenTegra An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington GenTegra GenTegra Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene GenTegra DNAshell2 capsules Image storage onto synthetic DNA. In vitro storage 2021 10.1016/j.image.2021.116331 ScienceDirect France Université Côte d’Azur Others Anhydrous calcium phosphate crystals Anhydrous calcium phosphate crystals stabilize DNA for dry storage In vitro storage 2022 10.1039/d2cc00414c Chemical Communications (Camb) Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Others Bacillus Artificial Storage Chromosome (pBASC) Engineered Spore-Forming Bacillus as a Microbial Vessel for Long-Term DNA Data Storage In vivo storage 2022 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00291 ACS Synthetic Biology China Southern University of Science and Technology Others Biomatrica DNAstable Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene Others CaCl₂ Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts In vitro storage 2020 10.1039/d0cc00222d Chemical Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Others CaP Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts In vitro storage 2020 10.1039/d0cc00222d Chemical Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Others Combined with metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) Metal-Organic Frameworks in Microfluidics Enable Fast Encapsulation/Extraction of DNA for Automated and Integrated Data Storage 2.43×10⁶ GB/g In vitro storage 2023 10.1021/acsnano.2c11241 ACS Nano China Southern University of Science and Technology Others DNA in a biopolymeric DNA storage matrix (DNAstable) Robust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes 25 PB/g In vitro storage 2015 10.1002/anie.201411378 Angewandte Chemie International Edition Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Others DNAStable An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington Others Dried with calcium phosphate Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene Others Electrospun poly(caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers DNA data storage in electrospun and melt-electrowritten composite nucleic acid-polymer fibers In vitro storage 2023 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100900 Mater Today Biology Spain CIC nanoGUNE BRTA Others Electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibers DNA data storage in electrospun and melt-electrowritten composite nucleic acid-polymer fibers In vitro storage 2023 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100900 Mater Today Biology Spain CIC nanoGUNE BRTA Others Electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers DNA data storage in electrospun and melt-electrowritten composite nucleic acid-polymer fibers In vitro storage 2023 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100900 Mater Today Biology Spain CIC nanoGUNE BRTA Others FeCl2 DNA Stability in Biodosimetry, Pharmacy and DNA Based Data-Storage: Optimal Storage and Handling Conditions In vitro storage 2022 10.1002/cbic.202200391 Chembiochem Germany BAM Others he APTMS-modified cellulose paper Sustainable DNA Data Storage on Cellulose Paper 15.02 TB/mm³ In vitro storage 2023 10.1002/smtd.202201610 Small Methods China Tianjin University Others Hydrogel beads Assembly of Reusable DNA Blocks for Data Storage Using the Principle of Movable Type Printing In vitro storage 2023 10.1021/acsami.3c01860 ACS Appl Mater Interfaces China Southeast University Others Imagene DNAshells An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington Others Lyophilised oligos Towards practical, high-capacity, low-maintenance information storage in synthesized DNA 2.2 PB/g In vitro storage 2013 10.1038/nature11875 Nature UK Wellcome Trust Others Magnetic beads Metal-Organic Frameworks in Microfluidics Enable Fast Encapsulation/Extraction of DNA for Automated and Integrated Data Storage 2.43×10⁶ GB/g In vitro storage 2023 10.1021/acsnano.2c11241 ACS Nano China Southern University of Science and Technology Others Magnetic NP An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington Others Many dehydrated DNA spots on a glass cartridge High density DNA data storage library via dehydration with digital microfluidic retrieval In vitro storage 2019 10.1038/s41467-019-09517-y Nature Communications USA University of Washington Others MgCl2 Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts In vitro storage 2020 10.1039/d0cc00222d Chemical Communications Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Others Micro-disk DNA Micro-Disks for the Management of DNA-Based Data Storage with Index and Write-Once-Read-Many (WORM) Memory Features 10¹² bits/mm³ In vitro storage 2020 10.1002/adma.202001249 Advenced Materials Korea Seoul National University Others Microfluidics Metal-Organic Frameworks in Microfluidics Enable Fast Encapsulation/Extraction of DNA for Automated and Integrated Data Storage 2.43×10⁶ GB/g In vitro storage 2023 10.1021/acsnano.2c11241 ACS Nano China Southern University of Science and Technology Others Millipore water DNA Stability in Biodosimetry, Pharmacy and DNA Based Data-Storage: Optimal Storage and Handling Conditions In vitro storage 2022 10.1002/cbic.202200391 Chembiochem Germany BAM Others Optically addressable SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) Metal-Organic Frameworks in Microfluidics Enable Fast Encapsulation/Extraction of DNA for Automated and Integrated Data Storage 2.43×10⁶ GB/g In vitro storage 2023 10.1021/acsnano.2c11241 ACS Nano China Southern University of Science and Technology Others Physiological NaCl DNA Stability in Biodosimetry, Pharmacy and DNA Based Data-Storage: Optimal Storage and Handling Conditions In vitro storage 2022 10.1002/cbic.202200391 Chembiochem Germany BAM Others Proteinosome lumen DNA storage in thermoresponsive microcapsules for repeated random multiplexed data access 8.6 TB/mm³ In vitro storage 2023 10.1038/s41565-023-01377-4 Nature Nanotechnology Netherlands Eindhoven University of Technology Others Pure solid-state DNA Robust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes 25 PB/g In vitro storage 2015 10.1002/anie.201411378 Angewandte Chemie International Edition Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Others Sugars An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington Others Thermally responsive functionally graded (TRFG) hydrogel Toward highly effective loading of DNA in hydrogels for high-density and long-term information storage 7×10⁹ GB/g In vitro storage 2023 10.1126/sciadv.adg9933 Science Advences China Southeastern University Others Unpurified environmental water Bioorthogonal information storage in l-DNA with a high-fidelity mirror-image Pfu DNA polymerase In vitro storage 2021 10.1038/s41587-021-00969-6 Nature Biotechnology China Tsinghua University Others Blunt end cloning vector Advancing DNA Steganography with Incorporation of Randomness In vivo storage 2020 10.1002/cbic.202000149 Chembiochem Germany Technische Universität Dresden Plasmids pBR322 vector Digital data storage on DNA tape using CRISPR base editors In vivo storage 2023 10.1038/s41467-023-42223-4 Nature Communications USA NCSU Plasmids pGH plasmid Information stored in nanoscale Encoding data in a single DNA strand with Base64 In vivo storage 2020 10.1126/sciadv.abo7415 Nano Today China Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Plasmids pJET1.2 Advancing DNA Steganography with Incorporation of Randomness In vivo storage 2020 10.1002/cbic.202000149 Chembiochem Germany Technische Universität Dresden Plasmids Plasmids Towards Chinese Text and DNA shift encoding scheme based on biomass plasmid storage In vivo storage 2023 10.3389/fbinf.2023.1276934 Front Bioinform China Guangzhou University Plasmids pUC19 vector Cost-Effective DNA Storage System with DNA Movable Type In vivo storage 2024 10.1002/advs.202411354 Advenced Science China China National Center for Bioinformation Plasmids PUC57 vector Towards long double-stranded chains and robust DNA-based data storage using the random code system In vivo storage 2023 10.3389/fgene.2023.1179867 Frontiers in Genetics China Guangzhou University Plasmids Magnetic silica nanoparticles Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene Silica nanoparticles Silica nanoparticles A DNA-of-things storage architecture to create materials with embedded memory In vitro storage 2019 10.1038/s41587-019-0356-z Nature biotechnology Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Silica nanoparticles Silica nanoparticles Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene Silica nanoparticles Silica nanoparticles Integrating DNA Encapsulates and Digital Microfluidics for Automated Data Storage in DNA 3.85 TB/g In vitro storage 2022 10.1002/smll.202107381 Small Methods Germany Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Silica nanoparticles Silica particles Robust Chemical Preservation of Digital Information on DNA in Silica with Error-Correcting Codes 25 PB/g In vitro storage 2015 10.1002/anie.201411378 Angewandte Chemie International Edition Switzerland Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Silica particles Silica particles Random access DNA memory using Boolean search in an archival file storage system 6.6 × 10²⁴ bytes/mm³ (silica particles); 2.7 × 10²⁰ bytes/m³ (EWOD) In vitro storage 2021 10.1038/s41563-021-01021-3 Nature Materials USA Broad Institute Silica particles Silica particles DNA-Aeon provides flexible arithmetic coding for constraint adherence and error correction in DNA storage In vitro storage 2023 10.1038/s41467-023-36297-3 Nature Communications Germany GermanyUniversity of Marburg Silica particles Silica particles Toward highly effective loading of DNA in hydrogels for high-density and long-term information storage 7×10⁹ GB/g In vitro storage 2023 10.1126/sciadv.adg9933 Science Advences China Southeastern University Silica particles Trehalose An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1002/smtd.202001094 Small Methods USA University of Washington Trehalose Trehalose Long term conservation of DNA at ambient temperature. Implications for DNA data storage In vitro storage 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0259868 PLoS One France Imagene Trehalose Yeast cells Towards practical and robust DNA-based data archiving using the yin–yang codec system 432.2 EB/g In vivo storage 2022 10.1038/s43588-022-00231-2 Nature Computational Science China BGI Yeast cells PRS413 plasmid in Yeast cells Cell Disk DNA Storage System Capable of Random Reading and Rewriting 770.8 EB/g In vivo storage 2024 10.1002/advs.202305921 Advenced Science China Northwestern Polytechnical University Yeast cells