Summary: COVID-19 typically manifests as a respiratory illness but several clinical reports described gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. This is particularly true in children, whom GI symptoms are frequent and viral shedding outlasts viral clearance from the respiratory system. These observations raise the question of whether the virus can replicate within the stomach. Here we show the novel derivation of gastric organoids from fetal, pediatric and adult biopsies and prove their value as in vitro models for SARS-CoV-2 infection. To facilitate infection, we induced a reversed polarity in our organoids (RP-GOs). The pediatric RP-GOs are fully susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2, while the viral replication is significantly lower in organoids of fetal and adult origin. Transcriptomic analysis shows a moderate innate antiviral response and the lack of differentially expressed genes belonging to the interferon family. Collectively, we show how the virus can efficiently infect gastric epithelium, suggesting that the stomach might have an active role in fecal-oral SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Overall Design: Transcriptomic analysis of organoids derived from fetal, pediatric and adult gastric samples infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus at MOI 1, and paired negative controls.
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Growth Protocol: | Fully grown gastric organoids at day 7 after single cell disaggregation were removed from surrounding extracellular matrix using a modified published protocol. Matrigel was dissolved with 60 min treatment of the droplets with Cell Recovery Solution (Corning) at 4°C. Organoids were retrieved from the plates using 1% BSA-coated cut-end tips and transferred to 1% BSA-coated 15 mL tubes. Cells were extensively washed with ice-cold PBS and centrifuged at 200 g for 5 min at 4°C. Supernatant was discarded, the pellet was resuspended in complete medium and transferred to non-tissue culture treated low-adhesive multiwell plates (pre-coated in 1% BSA). Organoids were cultured in suspension for 3 days to allow reversion of polarity, before use in infection experiments. |
Treatment Protocol: | Reversed-polarity organoids were infected at a MOI of 1 by incubation with 250 µl of an expansion medium viral suspension for 2 hours. After infection, organoids were washed twice in DMEM to remove unbound virus. RP-GOs were dispersed in a 400 µl expansion medium at 37 °C with 5% CO2. For all organoid cultures 50 µl of supernatant were harvested at 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours post infection. An equal volume of expansion medium replaced the sampled supernatant at each collection time. An extra sample at 96 hours post infection was collected for the RP-GOs. Samples were stored at -80°C before titration through the FFA. |
Extract Protocol: | Pelletted organoids were extracted in RLT buffer. cDNA was synthesized using the SMART-Seq v4 Ultra Low Input RNA Kit for Sequencing, following manufacturer suggested protocol. |
Library Construction Protocol: | cDNA generated with SMART-Seq v4 Kit were used for preparation of library with NEXTERA XT DNA Library Preparation kit, following the suggested protocol. |
Molecule Type: | polyA(+) RNA |
Library Source: | |
Library Layout: | PAIRED |
Library Strand: | - |
Platform: | ILLUMINA |
Instrument Model: | Illumina NovaSeq 6000 |
Strand-Specific: | Unspecific |
Data Resource | GEN Sample ID | GEN Dataset ID | Project ID | BioProject ID | Sample ID | Sample Name | BioSample ID | Sample Accession | Experiment Accession | Release Date | Submission Date | Update Date | Species | Race | Ethnicity | Age | Age Unit | Gender | Source Name | Tissue | Cell Type | Cell Subtype | Cell Line | Disease | Disease State | Development Stage | Mutation | Phenotype | Case Detail | Control Detail | Growth Protocol | Treatment Protocol | Extract Protocol | Library Construction Protocol | Molecule Type | Library Layout | Strand-Specific | Library Strand | Spike-In | Strategy | Platform | Instrument Model | Cell Number | Reads Number | Gbases | AvgSpotLen1 | AvgSpotLen2 | Uniq Mapping Rate | Multiple Mapping Rate | Coverage Rate |
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