Alan McIntyre, Shalini Patiar, Simon Wigfield, Ji-Liang Li, Ioanna Ledaki, Helen Turley, Russell Leek, Cameron Snell, Kevin Gatter, William S Sly, Richard D Vaughan-Jones, Pawel Swietach, Adrian L Harris
PURPOSE: Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGFA antibody, inhibits the developing vasculature of tumors, but resistance is common. Antiangiogenic therapy induces hypoxia and we observed increased expression of hypoxia-regulated genes, including carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), in response to bevacizumab treatment in xenografts. CAIX expression correlates with poor prognosis in most tumor types and with worse outcome in bevacizumab-treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, malignant astrocytoma, and recurrent malignant glioma.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We knocked down CAIX expression by short hairpin RNA in a colon cancer (HT29) and a glioblastoma (U87) cell line which have high hypoxic induction of CAIX and overexpressed CAIX in HCT116 cells which has low CAIX. We investigated the effect on growth rate in three-dimensional (3D) culture and in vivo, and examined the effect of CAIX knockdown in combination with bevacizumab.
RESULTS: CAIX expression was associated with increased growth rate in spheroids and in vivo. Surprisingly, CAIX expression was associated with increased necrosis and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. We found that acidity inhibits CAIX activity over the pH range found in tumors (pK = 6.84), and this may be the mechanism whereby excess acid self-limits the build-up of extracellular acid. Expression of another hypoxia inducible CA isoform, CAXII, was upregulated in 3D but not two-dimensional culture in response to CAIX knockdown. CAIX knockdown enhanced the effect of bevacizumab treatment, reducing tumor growth rate in vivo.
CONCLUSION: This work provides evidence that inhibition of the hypoxic adaptation to antiangiogenic therapy enhances bevacizumab treatment and highlights the value of developing small molecules or antibodies which inhibit CAIX for combination therapy.
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Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Animals
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
Antigens, Neoplasm
Bevacizumab
Carbonic Anhydrase IX
Carbonic Anhydrases
Cell Line, Tumor
Cell Proliferation
Female
Gene Knockdown Techniques
Glioblastoma
HCT116 Cells
HT29 Cells
Humans
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Mice
Necrosis
Neoplasm Transplantation
Transfection
Transplantation, Heterologous
