Stanley Kimani, Goutam Ghosh, Ashwini Ghogare, Benjamin Rudshteyn, Dorota Bartusik, Tayyaba Hasan, Alexander Greer
PEGylated chlorin e(6) photosensitizers were synthesized with tri(ethylene glycol) attached at the ester bond(s) for a 1:1 conjugate at the 17(3)-position, a 2:1 conjugate at the 15(2)- and 17(3)-positions, and a 3:1 conjugate at the 13(1)-, 15(2)-, and 17(3)-positions. These chlorin sensitizers were studied for hydrolytic stability and solubility, as well as ovarian OVCAR-5 cancer cell uptake, localization, and phototoxicity. Increasing numbers of the PEG groups in the mono-, di-, and tri-PEG chlorin conjugates increased the water solubility and sensitivity to hydrolysis and uptake into the ovarian cancer cells. The PEG chlorin conjugates accumulated in the cytoplasm and mitrochondria, but not in lysosomes. Higher phototoxicity was roughly correlated with higher numbers of PEG groups, with the tri-PEG chlorin conjugate showing the best overall ovarian cancer cell photokilling of the series. Singlet oxygen lifetimes, solvent deuteration, and the effects of additives azide ion and d-mannitol were examined to help clarify the photokilling mechanisms. A Type-II (singlet oxygen) photosensitized mechanism is suggested for the di- and tri-PEG chlorin conjugates; however, a more complicated process based in part on a Type-I (radicals or radical ions) mechanism is suggested for the parent chlorin e(6) and the mono-PEG chlorin conjugate.
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