Bikramjit S Bindra, Katherine Garcia de de Jesus, Oscar Cisneros, Vinicius M Jorge, Harpreet Kaur
The human body is capable of reacting to multiple aggressors by developing an inflammatory response with the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The worrisome clinical manifestations occur when this inflammatory response is disproportionate. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and severe condition characterized by an overwhelming inflammatory response that may result in end-organ damage and might be fatal. Correspondingly, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is another well-known disorder, seen commonly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients after the commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Both entities share a similar clinical presentation and a dismal prognosis. Due to widespread clinical manifestations and laboratory abnormalities, diagnosis is often missed at the time of presentation. There is little consensus on the treatment of secondary HLH, which is usually handled on a case-by-case basis. Rapid curbing of the widespread inflammatory response is the main goal of treatment. To the best of our knowledge, there is scarce literature available on the coexistence of HLH and IRIS; therefore, medical management in the co-occurrence of these two conditions needs to be further investigated.
Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 15;40(12):1756-61
[PMID:
15909263]
Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jan 1;48(1):101-7
[PMID:
19025493]
S Afr Med J. 2014 May 12;104(6):401-6
[PMID:
25214245]
Indian J Dermatol. 2011 Sep-Oct;56(5):476-9
[PMID:
22121257]
Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Dec;7(12):814-22
[PMID:
18045564]
Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Feb;48(2):124-31
[PMID:
16937360]
AIDS. 2010 Jun 1;24(9):1299-306
[PMID:
20559036]
Am J Clin Pathol. 2013 Jun;139(6):713-27
[PMID:
23690113]
Blood. 2015 May 7;125(19):2908-14
[PMID:
25758828]
Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Aug;22(4):394-402
[PMID:
19483618]
Blood. 2011 Oct 13;118(15):4041-52
[PMID:
21828139]
J Korean Med Sci. 2009 Oct;24(5):970-4
[PMID:
19795003]
Am J Med. 2014 Nov;127(11):1118-25
[PMID:
24835040]
J Pediatr. 1986 Feb;108(2):267-70
[PMID:
3511206]
J Med Virol. 2012 May;84(5):777-85
[PMID:
22431026]
Annu Rev Med. 2012;63:233-46
[PMID:
22248322]
Eur J Haematol. 2007 Apr;78(4):361-4
[PMID:
17331129]
Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2012 Sep;9(3):238-50
[PMID:
22752438]
Ann Intern Med. 2000 Sep 19;133(6):447-54
[PMID:
10975963]
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2014 Jul;30(7):634-41
[PMID:
24635515]
Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jul 15;37(2):285-91
[PMID:
12856221]
Rev Med Virol. 2010 Mar;20(2):93-105
[PMID:
20127750]
Infect Dis (Lond). 2015 Jun;47(6):423-7
[PMID:
25746607]
BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Dec 22;2017:null
[PMID:
29275390]
J Immunol. 2014 Jan 1;192(1):84-91
[PMID:
24259502]
Int J Hematol. 2016 Apr;103(4):469-72
[PMID:
26692197]
