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11 12, 2019;8 (11):

Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond.

Sarah Kuhn, Laura Gritti, Daniel Crooks, Yvonne Dombrowski
Author Information
  1. Sarah Kuhn: Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
  2. Laura Gritti: Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
  3. Daniel Crooks: Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
  4. Yvonne Dombrowski: Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
PMID: 31726662 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111424

Abstract

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that are generated from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC). OPC are distributed throughout the CNS and represent a pool of migratory and proliferative adult progenitor cells that can differentiate into oligodendrocytes. The central function of oligodendrocytes is to generate myelin, which is an extended membrane from the cell that wraps tightly around axons. Due to this energy consuming process and the associated high metabolic turnover oligodendrocytes are vulnerable to cytotoxic and excitotoxic factors. Oligodendrocyte pathology is therefore evident in a range of disorders including multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Deceased oligodendrocytes can be replenished from the adult OPC pool and lost myelin can be regenerated during remyelination, which can prevent axonal degeneration and can restore function. Cell population studies have recently identified novel immunomodulatory functions of oligodendrocytes, the implications of which, e.g., for diseases with primary oligodendrocyte pathology, are not yet clear. Here, we review the journey of oligodendrocytes from the embryonic stage to their role in homeostasis and their fate in disease. We will also discuss the most common models used to study oligodendrocytes and describe newly discovered functions of oligodendrocytes.

Keywords

OPC multiple sclerosis myelin myelination oligodendrocyte progenitor cells oligodendrocytes remyelination

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MeSH Term

Alzheimer Disease
Animals
Humans
Multiple Sclerosis
Myelin Sheath
Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells
Oligodendroglia
Remyelination
Schizophrenia
Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review

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