High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) are a promising biomarker of the epileptogenic zone and tool for surgical planning. Many studies have shown that a high rate of HFOs (number per minute) is correlated with the seizure-onset zone, and complete removal of HFO-generating brain regions has been associated with seizure-free outcome after surgery. In order to use HFOs as a biomarker, these transient events must first be detected in electrophysiological data. Because visual detection of HFOs is time-consuming and subject to low interrater reliability, many automated algorithms have been developed, and they are being used increasingly for such studies. However, there is little guidance on how to select an algorithm, implement it in a clinical setting, and validate the performance. Therefore, we aim to review automated HFO detection algorithms, focusing on conceptual similarities and differences between them. We summarize the standard steps for data pre-processing, as well as post-processing strategies for rejection of false-positive detections. We also detail four methods for algorithm testing and validation, and we describe the specific goal achieved by each one. We briefly review direct comparisons of automated algorithms applied to the same data set, emphasizing the importance of optimizing detection parameters. Then, to assess trends in the use of automated algorithms and their potential for use in clinical studies, we review evidence for the relationship between automatically detected HFOs and surgical outcome. We conclude with practical recommendations and propose standards for the selection, implementation, and validation of automated HFO-detection algorithms.
Brain. 2009 Nov;132(Pt 11):3047-59
[PMID:
19745024]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2011 Apr;122(4):664-71
[PMID:
21030302]
PLoS One. 2014 Apr 10;9(4):e94381
[PMID:
24722663]
Epilepsia. 2014 Nov;55(11):1872-83
[PMID:
25266626]
Brain. 2010 Jan;133(Pt 1):33-45
[PMID:
19920064]
Int J Neural Syst. 2018 Feb;28(1):1750029
[PMID:
28669244]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 May;118(5):1134-43
[PMID:
17382583]
Front Neurol. 2019 Feb 12;10:94
[PMID:
30804887]
Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2016 Aug;2016:948-951
[PMID:
28268481]
J Neurosci Methods. 2018 Jan 01;293:6-16
[PMID:
28860077]
IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2019 Jul;23(4):1535-1545
[PMID:
30176615]
Ann Neurol. 2017 May;81(5):664-676
[PMID:
28380659]
Brain. 2008 Apr;131(Pt 4):928-37
[PMID:
18263625]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Sep;123(9):1721-31
[PMID:
22652068]
Chin Med J (Engl). 2015 Jul 5;128(13):1724-7
[PMID:
26112710]
J Neural Eng. 2015 Apr;12(2):026011
[PMID:
25768723]
Brain. 2013 Dec;136(Pt 12):3796-808
[PMID:
24176977]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2017 Mar;128(3):433-441
[PMID:
28160749]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2017 Jan;128(1):106-114
[PMID:
27883965]
J Neurosci Methods. 2013 Mar 15;213(2):236-49
[PMID:
23261773]
Cancer. 1950 Jan;3(1):32-5
[PMID:
15405679]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Jan;123(1):106-16
[PMID:
21763191]
Epilepsia. 2001 Feb;42(2):282-6
[PMID:
11240604]
Epilepsia. 2014 Dec;55(12):1986-95
[PMID:
25470216]
Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2017 Jul;2017:1054-1057
[PMID:
29060055]
Exp Neurol. 2014 Jan;251:30-8
[PMID:
24211781]
N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 2;345(5):311-8
[PMID:
11484687]
J Neurophysiol. 2013 Oct;110(8):1958-64
[PMID:
23926038]
Epilepsia. 2013 Feb;54(2):370-6
[PMID:
23106394]
PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e33477
[PMID:
22496749]
Front Neurol. 2018 Jun 28;9:510
[PMID:
30002645]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Apr;127(4):2140-8
[PMID:
26838666]
Lancet Neurol. 2014 Nov;13(11):1114-1126
[PMID:
25316018]
Epilepsia. 2015 Feb;56(2):197-206
[PMID:
25556401]
Brain Topogr. 2017 Nov;30(6):724-738
[PMID:
28748408]
Sci Rep. 2019 Nov 22;9(1):17385
[PMID:
31758022]
J Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Jun;32(3):207-19
[PMID:
26035673]
Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Sep;98(3):265-78
[PMID:
22420981]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Sep;127(9):3066-3074
[PMID:
27472542]
Epilepsia. 2019 Sep;60(9):1908-1920
[PMID:
31329277]
Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:2329-33
[PMID:
21096802]
IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2016 Dec;63(12):2595-2606
[PMID:
27875125]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2018 Jan;129(1):308-318
[PMID:
29122445]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2019 May;130(5):624-626
[PMID:
30870797]
Hippocampus. 1999;9(2):137-42
[PMID:
10226774]
Front Neurol. 2018 Nov 13;9:889
[PMID:
30483204]
Ann Neurol. 2018 Sep;84(3):374-385
[PMID:
30051505]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2010 Mar;121(3):301-10
[PMID:
19955019]
Brain. 2011 Oct;134(Pt 10):2948-59
[PMID:
21903727]
Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2018 Aug 09;5(9):1062-1076
[PMID:
30250863]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2017 Jul;128(7):1220-1226
[PMID:
28521270]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2015 Aug;126(8):1505-13
[PMID:
25499074]
J Neurosci. 2010 Jun 9;30(23):7770-82
[PMID:
20534826]
Epilepsia. 1999 Feb;40(2):127-37
[PMID:
9952257]
Front Hum Neurosci. 2015 Oct 20;9:574
[PMID:
26539097]
Epilepsia. 2012 Sep;53(9):1607-17
[PMID:
22905734]
Epilepsia. 2016 Jun;57(6):869-78
[PMID:
27184021]
J Neurophysiol. 2002 Oct;88(4):1743-52
[PMID:
12364503]
Ann Neurol. 2018 Jan;83(1):84-97
[PMID:
29244226]
Epilepsy Res. 2016 Oct;126:90-7
[PMID:
27450371]
Epilepsia. 2017 Aug;58(8):1305-1315
[PMID:
28622421]
Neurology. 2018 Sep 11;91(11):e1040-e1052
[PMID:
30120133]
Epilepsia Open. 2020 May 20;5(2):263-273
[PMID:
32524052]
Epilepsia. 2017 Aug;58(8):1316-1329
[PMID:
28666056]
Brain. 2018 Mar 1;141(3):713-730
[PMID:
29394328]
Brain. 2008 Jul;131(Pt 7):1806-17
[PMID:
18503077]
Seizure. 2017 Jan;44:125-136
[PMID:
27816354]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2019 Jun;130(6):976-985
[PMID:
31003116]
Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2015;2015:6590-3
[PMID:
26737803]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Oct;124(10):1935-42
[PMID:
23706814]
Epilepsia. 2008 Nov;49(11):1893-907
[PMID:
18479382]
J Clin Neurol. 2012 Mar;8(1):22-34
[PMID:
22523510]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Jan;123(1):100-5
[PMID:
21727025]
J Neural Eng. 2016 Apr;13(2):026026
[PMID:
26924828]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Jan;131(1):183-192
[PMID:
31805492]
Ann Neurol. 2010 Feb;67(2):209-20
[PMID:
20225281]
Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Sep;98(3):241-9
[PMID:
22449727]
Neurology. 2018 Feb 20;90(8):e639-e646
[PMID:
29367441]
J Neurophysiol. 2013 Sep;110(5):1167-79
[PMID:
23761699]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2014 Nov;125(11):2212-2219
[PMID:
24704141]
Ann Neurol. 2015 Feb;77(2):281-90
[PMID:
25448920]
Ann Neurol. 2019 Apr;85(4):485-494
[PMID:
30786048]
Neurology. 2009 Mar 17;72(11):979-86
[PMID:
19289737]
Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Sep;98(3):250-64
[PMID:
22420980]
Nat Commun. 2018 Jun 1;9(1):2155
[PMID:
29858570]
Neuroimage Clin. 2016 Nov 04;12:928-939
[PMID:
27882298]
Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 23;7(1):13836
[PMID:
29062105]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 Aug;124(8):1541-6
[PMID:
23578565]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Feb;127(2):1057-1066
[PMID:
26238856]
Epilepsia. 2011 Oct;52(10):1802-11
[PMID:
21801168]
Brain Topogr. 2004 Summer;16(4):287-90
[PMID:
15379229]
Ann Neurol. 2012 Feb;71(2):169-78
[PMID:
22367988]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2018 Jun;129(6):1311-1319
[PMID:
29523391]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2012 Apr;123(4):670-80
[PMID:
21940200]
IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2018 Dec;26(12):2280-2289
[PMID:
30369447]
Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Jan;127(1):187-196
[PMID:
26100149]
Epilepsia Open. 2017 May 22;2(2):267-272
[PMID:
29588956]
N Engl J Med. 2000 Feb 3;342(5):314-9
[PMID:
10660394]
