Hiemke C, Baumann P, Bergemann N, et al. AGNP consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in psychiatry: update 2011. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2011;44:195–235.
Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW, et al. Consensus guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring in neuropsychopharmacology: update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2018;51:9–62.
Hiemke C, Bergemann N, Clement HW, Conca A, Deckert J, Domschke K, et al. Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2018;51:e1.
Stepanova D, Beran RG. Measurement of levetiracetam drug levels to assist with seizure control and monitoring of drug interactions with other anti-epileptic medications (AEMs). Seizure. 2014;23:371–376.
Leppik IE, Rarick JO, Walczak TS, et al. Effective levetiracetam doses and serum concentrations: age effects. Epilepsia. 2002;43(suppl 7):240.
Aícua-Rapún I, André P, Rossetti AO, et al. Seizure freedom and plasma levels of newer generation antiseizure medications. Acta Neurol Scand. 2021;144:202–208.
Lancelin F, Franchon E, Kraoul L, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of levetiracetam by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array ultraviolet detection: preliminary observations on correlation between plasma concentration and clinical response in patients with refractory epilepsy. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29:576–583.
May TW, Rambeck B, Jürgens U. Serum concentrations of levetiracetam in epileptic patients: the influence of dose and co-medication. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25:690–699.
Sheinberg R, Heyman E, Dagan Z, et al. Correlation between efficacy of levetiracetam and serum levels among children with refractory epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52:624–628.
Johannessen SI, Battino D, Berry DJ, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Ther Drug Monit. 2003;25:347–363.
Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DG, Marescaux C, Stodieck S, et al. Photosensitive epilepsy: a model to study the effects of antiepileptic drugs. Evaluation of the piracetam analogue, levetiracetam. Epilepsy Res. 1996;25:225–230.
Rhee SJ, Shin JW, Lee S, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and dose-response relationship of levetiracetam in adult patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2017;132:8–14.
Reimers A, Berg JA, Burns ML, et al. Reference ranges for antiepileptic drugs revisited: a practical approach to establish national guidelines. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;12:271–280.
Obeid M, Pong AW. Efficacy and tolerability of high oral doses of levetiracetam in children with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2010;91:101–105.
Araki K, Nakamura T, Takeuchi Y, et al. Pharmacological monitoring of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy patients on haemodialysis. Epileptic Disord. 2020;22:90–102.
Barrueto F, Williams K, Howland MA, et al. A case of levetiracetam (Keppra) poisoning with clinical and toxicokinetic data. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002;40:881–884.
Page CB, Mostafa A, Saiao A, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity with levetiracetam overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54:152–154.
Wood KE, Palmer KL, Krasowski MD. Correlation of elevated lamotrigine and levetiracetam serum/plasma levels with toxicity: a long-term retrospective review at an academic medical center. Toxicol Rep. 2021;8:1592–1598.
Patsalos PN, Spencer EP, Berry DJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy: a 2018 update. Ther Drug Monit. 2018;40:526–548.
Weintraub D, Buchsbaum R, Spencer H, et al. Tolerability of levetiracetam in 516 patients: analysis by dose and serum concentration. Epilepsia. 2004;45(suppl 3):68.
Harby SA, Nassra RA, Mekky JF, et al. Correlation of levetiracetam concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with clinical efficacy: a sensitive monitoring biomarker in patients with epilepsy. Seizure. 2020;78:71–77.
Patsalos PN. Clinical pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43:707–724.
Kikumoto M, Neshige S, Shishido T, et al. Seizure deterioration with increased levetiracetam blood concentration during the postpartum period in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Intern Med. 2021. In press.
Brodtkorb E, Samsonsen C, Sund JK, et al. Treatment non-adherence in pseudo-refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2016;122:1–6.