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Psychological medicine
Nov, 2023;53 (15): 7116-7126.

Childhood predictors of self-harm, externalised violence and transitioning to dual harm in a cohort of adolescents and young adults.

Sarah Steeg, Bushra Farooq, Peter Taylor, Matina Shafti, Becky Mars, Nav Kapur, Roger T Webb
Author Information
  1. Sarah Steeg: Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. ORCID
  2. Bushra Farooq: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
  3. Peter Taylor: Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
  4. Matina Shafti: Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
  5. Becky Mars: Centre for Academic Mental Health, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK.
  6. Nav Kapur: Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
  7. Roger T Webb: Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Centre for Mental Health and Safety, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
PMID: 36999309 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291723000557

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The aetiology of dual harm (co-occurring self-harm and violence towards others) is poorly understood because most studies have investigated self-harm and violence separately. We aimed to examine childhood risk factors for self-harm, violence, and dual harm, including the transition from engaging in single harm to dual harm.
METHODS: Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK-based birth cohort study, were used to estimate prevalence of self-reported engagement in self-harm, violence, and dual harm at ages 16 and 22 years. Risk ratios were calculated to indicate associations across various self-reported childhood risk factors and risks of single and dual harm, including the transition from single harm at age 16 years to dual harm at age 22.
RESULTS: At age 16 years, 18.1% of the 4176 cohort members had harmed themselves, 21.1% had engaged in violence towards others and 3.7% reported dual harm. At age 22 the equivalent prevalence estimates increased to 24.2, 25.8 and 6.8%, respectively. Depression and other mental health difficulties, drug and alcohol use, witnessing self-harm and being a victim of, or witnessing, violence were associated with higher risks of transitioning from self-harm or violence at age 16 to dual harm by age 22.
CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of dual harm doubled from age 16 to 22 years, highlighting the importance of early identification and intervention during this high-risk period. Several childhood psychosocial risk factors associated specifically with dual harm at age 16 and with the transition to dual harm by age 22 have been identified.

Keywords

ALSPAC childhood adversity dual harm psychosocial risk factors self-harm violence

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Grants

  1. G0701594/Medical Research Council
  2. G9815508/Medical Research Council
  3. MC_PC_15018/Medical Research Council
  4. MC_PC_19009/Medical Research Council

MeSH Term

Humans
Child
Adolescent
Young Adult
Adult
Longitudinal Studies
Cohort Studies
Self-Injurious Behavior
Violence
Risk Factors
Journal Article

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