OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Cancer medicine
12, 2023;12 (23): 21075-21096.

Chemotherapy in pediatric brain tumor and the challenge of the blood-brain barrier.

Johid Reza Malik, Anthony T Podany, Parvez Khan, Christopher L Shaffer, Jawed A Siddiqui, Janina Baranowska-Kortylewicz, Jennifer Le, Courtney V Fletcher, Sadia Afruz Ether, Sean N Avedissian
Author Information
  1. Johid Reza Malik: Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  2. Anthony T Podany: Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  3. Parvez Khan: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  4. Christopher L Shaffer: Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Program, Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  5. Jawed A Siddiqui: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  6. Janina Baranowska-Kortylewicz: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  7. Jennifer Le: University of California San Diego Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, San Diego, California, USA. ORCID
  8. Courtney V Fletcher: Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  9. Sadia Afruz Ether: Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
  10. Sean N Avedissian: Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA. ORCID
PMID: 37997517 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6647

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pediatric brain tumors (PBT) stand as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Chemoradiation protocols have improved survival rates, even for non-resectable tumors. Nonetheless, radiation therapy carries the risk of numerous adverse effects that can have long-lasting, detrimental effects on the quality of life for survivors. The pursuit of chemotherapeutics that could obviate the need for radiotherapy remains ongoing. Several anti-tumor agents, including sunitinib, valproic acid, carboplatin, and panobinostat, have shown effectiveness in various malignancies but have not proven effective in treating PBT. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in maintaining suboptimal concentrations of anti-cancer drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). Ongoing research aims to modulate the integrity of the BBB to attain clinically effective drug concentrations in the CNS. However, current findings on the interaction of exogenous chemical agents with the BBB remain limited and do not provide a comprehensive explanation for the ineffectiveness of established anti-cancer drugs in PBT.
METHODS: We conducted our search for chemotherapeutic agents associated with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using the following keywords: Chemotherapy in Cancer, Chemotherapy in Brain Cancer, Chemotherapy in PBT, BBB Inhibition of Drugs into CNS, Suboptimal Concentration of CNS Drugs, PBT Drugs and BBB, and Potential PBT Drugs. We reviewed each relevant article before compiling the information in our manuscript. For the generation of figures, we utilized BioRender software.
FOCUS: We focused our article search on chemical agents for PBT and subsequently investigated the role of the BBB in this context. Our search criteria included clinical trials, both randomized and non-randomized studies, preclinical research, review articles, and research papers.
FINDING: Our research suggests that, despite the availability of potent chemotherapeutic agents for several types of cancer, the effectiveness of these chemical agents in treating PBT has not been comprehensively explored. Additionally, there is a scarcity of studies examining the role of the BBB in the suboptimal outcomes of PBT treatment, despite the effectiveness of these drugs for other types of tumors.

Keywords

blood-brain barrier central nervous system chemotherapy oncology pediatric brain tumor

References

Cancers (Basel). 2022 Nov 28;14(23): [PMID: 36497345]
Cancer. 2013 Dec 1;119(23):4180-7 [PMID: 24104527]
Cancer Med. 2016 Jul;5(7):1416-24 [PMID: 27109549]
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;52:249-73 [PMID: 21942630]
J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2009 Apr;3(4):259-69 [PMID: 19338403]
Acta Neuropathol. 2010 Jan;119(1):7-35 [PMID: 20012068]
Pharmacol Rep. 2008 Sep-Oct;60(5):600-22 [PMID: 19066407]
Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2005 Feb;25(1):5-23 [PMID: 15962506]
CA Cancer J Clin. 1985 Sep-Oct;35(5):287-301 [PMID: 3930014]
J Neurooncol. 2018 Sep;139(2):281-291 [PMID: 29730815]
Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012 Dec 15;59(7):1183-9 [PMID: 22949057]
Neuro Oncol. 2017 Aug 1;19(8):1025-1034 [PMID: 28371920]
J Neurooncol. 2017 Sep;134(3):495-504 [PMID: 28382534]
J Clin Oncol. 2020 Jun 20;38(18):2028-2040 [PMID: 32330099]
Cancer Res. 2000 Jan 15;60(2):321-7 [PMID: 10667583]
Cancer Res. 1983 Feb;43(2):592-7 [PMID: 6184151]
J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 1;27(28):4733-40 [PMID: 19720927]
Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015 Apr;21(2 Neuro-oncology):373-96 [PMID: 25837902]
J Clin Neurosci. 2018 Oct;56:139-142 [PMID: 29960842]
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019 Feb;68(2):305-318 [PMID: 30483834]
J Neurooncol. 2016 Sep;129(3):453-460 [PMID: 27377654]
Pharmaceutics. 2021 Sep 23;13(10): [PMID: 34683835]
Adv Mater. 2018 Nov;30(46):e1801362 [PMID: 30066406]
Mol Pharm. 2010 Feb 1;7(1):237-44 [PMID: 19921848]
J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2001 Dec;33(6):453-8 [PMID: 11804186]
Front Med Technol. 2021 Feb 15;2:623950 [PMID: 35047899]
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2022 Jun;185:114303 [PMID: 35460714]
Neurosurgery. 1996 Jul;39(1):125-33; discussion 133-4 [PMID: 8805148]
Cell. 2013 Feb 28;152(5):1065-76 [PMID: 23452854]
Acta Neuropathol. 2016 Jun;131(6):821-31 [PMID: 27040285]
J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018 Sep;22(3):288-296 [PMID: 29856296]
Eur J Cancer. 2010 Dec;46(18):3271-9 [PMID: 20656474]
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019 May;76(10):1987-2002 [PMID: 30734065]
Neuro Oncol. 2010 Sep;12(9):985-90 [PMID: 20363768]
N Engl J Med. 2022 May 19;386(20):1922-1931 [PMID: 35584157]
Drug Discov Today. 2007 Jan;12(1-2):54-61 [PMID: 17198973]
Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Nov 15;15(22):7092-8 [PMID: 19861433]
Cell. 2007 Nov 2;131(3):443-5 [PMID: 17981110]
Leukemia. 2004 Dec;18(12):2032-5 [PMID: 15483674]
Drug Discov Today Technol. 2004 Dec;1(4):337-41 [PMID: 24981612]
Neurosurgery. 2011 Jun;68(6):1548-54; discussion 1554-5 [PMID: 21368693]
Nat Genet. 2014 May;46(5):444-450 [PMID: 24705251]
Eur J Cancer. 2004 Jun;40(9):1404-11 [PMID: 15177500]
Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2013 Jul;10(7):907-26 [PMID: 23751126]
J Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;36(28):2854-2862 [PMID: 30118397]
Science. 2013 May 17;340(6134):857-61 [PMID: 23539183]
Cancers (Basel). 2022 May 03;14(9): [PMID: 35565414]
Molecules. 2022 Apr 21;27(9): [PMID: 35566032]
Pediatr Neurol. 2015 Jul;53(1):31-46 [PMID: 26092413]
J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 10;30(26):3187-93 [PMID: 22851561]
Nat Med. 2017 Apr;23(4):493-500 [PMID: 28263307]
Eur J Cancer. 2005 Mar;41(5):727-34 [PMID: 15763649]
Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2017 Jul;17(7):391-407.e5 [PMID: 28601492]
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2003 Jan 21;55(1):83-105 [PMID: 12535575]
Cancer Cell. 2019 Nov 11;36(5):528-544.e10 [PMID: 31631026]
Cancer. 2005 May 1;103(9):1874-80 [PMID: 15770645]
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Feb 14;5(1):11 [PMID: 30765705]
Oncologist. 2007 Jan;12(1):107-13 [PMID: 17227905]
Sci Adv. 2020 Jul 24;6(30):eabb4105 [PMID: 32832670]
Br J Cancer. 2003 Apr 7;88(7):1004-11 [PMID: 12671695]
Front Oncol. 2015 Oct 21;5:237 [PMID: 26557503]
Brain Tumor Pathol. 2019 Oct;36(4):152-161 [PMID: 31388782]
Mol Cancer Ther. 2016 Sep;15(9):2166-74 [PMID: 27325687]
Drug Des Devel Ther. 2019 Oct 18;13:3591-3605 [PMID: 31695329]
Clin Cancer Res. 2011 Feb 1;17(3):589-97 [PMID: 21115653]
Eur J Cancer. 2006 Nov;42(17):3004-14 [PMID: 16956759]
Nat Genet. 2019 Dec;51(12):1702-1713 [PMID: 31768071]
Eur J Cancer. 1990 Apr;26(4):464-9 [PMID: 2141512]
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 May 1;77(1):113-8 [PMID: 19647954]
Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2011;287:1-41 [PMID: 21414585]
PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58995 [PMID: 23527068]
J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010: [PMID: 20798865]
Ann Neurol. 1988 Oct;24(4):503-8 [PMID: 3239953]
Tissue Barriers. 2016 Feb 26;4(1):e1154641 [PMID: 27141427]
Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2020 Sep;45(9):688-695 [PMID: 32723840]
Allergy Rhinol (Providence). 2020 Oct 29;11:2152656720964158 [PMID: 33240560]
J Neurooncol. 2011 Jul;103(3):673-80 [PMID: 21038110]
Mol Cancer Ther. 2005 Dec;4(12):1912-22 [PMID: 16373706]
Acta Neuropathol. 2017 Jan;133(1):5-12 [PMID: 27858204]
J Neurooncol. 2012 Jan;106(2):399-407 [PMID: 21858607]
Nat Rev Cancer. 2014 Feb;14(2):92-107 [PMID: 24457416]
Br J Cancer. 2012 Feb 14;106(4):678-84 [PMID: 22333707]
Amino Acids. 2007 Aug;33(2):213-23 [PMID: 17443268]
Curr Pharm Des. 2011;17(26):2793-802 [PMID: 21827403]
Acta Neuropathol. 2007 Aug;114(2):97-109 [PMID: 17618441]
Radiat Oncol. 2023 Feb 3;18(1):22 [PMID: 36732754]
Biochem J. 2003 Nov 15;376(Pt 1):1-14 [PMID: 13678416]
J Neurosurg. 1986 Dec;65(6):751-5 [PMID: 3772472]
Neuro Oncol. 2009 Apr;11(2):201-10 [PMID: 18818397]
J Neurooncol. 2013 Sep;114(3):339-44 [PMID: 23813229]
Cancer. 2000 Oct 1;89(7):1569-76 [PMID: 11013373]
Theranostics. 2018 Aug 7;8(16):4393-4408 [PMID: 30214628]
Neurochem Int. 2009 Mar-Apr;54(3-4):253-63 [PMID: 19111869]
J Neurooncol. 2017 Dec;135(3):433-441 [PMID: 28828582]
Vascul Pharmacol. 2002 Jun;38(6):339-48 [PMID: 12529928]
J Clin Oncol. 2010 Nov 20;28(33):4961-8 [PMID: 20940197]
J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Oct 05;278:114276 [PMID: 34082013]
Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008 Jun;50(6):1169-75 [PMID: 18293379]
Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Jan;30(1):1-3 [PMID: 10619994]
Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Jun 1;10(11):3728-36 [PMID: 15173079]
Theranostics. 2018 Feb 5;8(6):1481-1493 [PMID: 29556336]
Epilepsy Res. 1995 Oct;22(2):97-106 [PMID: 8777904]
JAMA Oncol. 2021 Sep 01;7(9):1313-1321 [PMID: 34292305]
Cancer Lett. 2019 Jan;440-441:202-210 [PMID: 30393160]
Lancet Oncol. 2009 May;10(5):459-66 [PMID: 19269895]
CNS Drugs. 2017 Feb;31(2):109-133 [PMID: 28101766]
Cancer Res. 2004 May 1;64(9):3296-301 [PMID: 15126373]
Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011 Feb;11(2):247-56 [PMID: 21171927]
Semin Immunopathol. 2009 Nov;31(4):497-511 [PMID: 19779720]
Cancer Res. 2001 Apr 15;61(8):3348-54 [PMID: 11309291]
Front Oncol. 2019 Feb 27;9:92 [PMID: 30873381]
Neuro Oncol. 2017 Oct 19;19(11):1542-1552 [PMID: 28605510]
Front Oncol. 2015 Jul 01;5:148 [PMID: 26191506]
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006 Jan;7(1):41-53 [PMID: 16371949]
Lancet Oncol. 2006 Mar;7(3):241-8 [PMID: 16510333]
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013 May;13(5):346 [PMID: 23512689]
Biores Open Access. 2019 Nov 14;8(1):200-209 [PMID: 31737437]
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Nov 23;22(23): [PMID: 34884457]
NeuroRx. 2005 Jan;2(1):86-98 [PMID: 15717060]
Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2021 Aug 23;9(1):142 [PMID: 34425907]
J Neurooncol. 2016 Mar;127(1):53-61 [PMID: 26626490]
J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jul;17(7):2127-36 [PMID: 10561268]
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015 Jan 05;7(1):a020412 [PMID: 25561720]
Clin Pharmacokinet. 2003;42(1):59-98 [PMID: 12489979]
Biol Sex Differ. 2012 Jan 25;3:3 [PMID: 22277186]
Int J Cancer. 2008 Jul 1;123(1):8-13 [PMID: 18425818]
Carcinogenesis. 2009 Feb;30(2):348-55 [PMID: 19037090]
J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010 Apr;5(4):335-41 [PMID: 20367336]
Med Pediatr Oncol. 2001 Jun;36(6):601-4 [PMID: 11344490]
Dev Cell. 2011 Aug 16;21(2):193-215 [PMID: 21839917]
Br J Radiol. 1991 Oct;64(766):934-40 [PMID: 1954536]
J Chemother. 2014 Apr;26(2):105-10 [PMID: 24090798]
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016;20(1):166-73 [PMID: 26813470]
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2020 Mar;39(1):3-23 [PMID: 31933235]
Exp Neurol. 1996 Oct;141(2):214-24 [PMID: 8812155]
Nat Mater. 2023 Mar;22(3):391-399 [PMID: 36864161]
J Clin Oncol. 1992 Sep;10(9):1390-6 [PMID: 1517781]
Neurosurg Focus. 2015 Mar;38(3):E9 [PMID: 25727231]
J Neurosurg. 1990 Apr;72(4):572-82 [PMID: 2319316]
Acta Pol Pharm. 2014 Jul-Aug;71(4):691-7 [PMID: 25272897]
Nat Rev Cancer. 2020 Jan;20(1):26-41 [PMID: 31601988]
J Clin Oncol. 2009 Aug 1;27(22):3691-7 [PMID: 19581535]
Eur J Cancer. 2010 Jan;46(1):120-33 [PMID: 19818598]
Neurosurgery. 1993 Nov;33(5):882-7; discussion 887-8 [PMID: 8264888]
Elife. 2021 Dec 24;10: [PMID: 34951586]
N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 10;352(10):978-86 [PMID: 15758008]
J Neurosurg. 1994 Nov;81(5):690-8 [PMID: 7931615]
Neuroepidemiology. 2012;39(2):116-24 [PMID: 22846789]
NeuroRx. 2005 Jan;2(1):3-14 [PMID: 15717053]
Front Oncol. 2018 Jul 03;8:239 [PMID: 30018882]
Childs Nerv Syst. 2021 Aug;37(8):2451-2463 [PMID: 34008056]
Endocr Rev. 2004 Aug;25(4):581-611 [PMID: 15294883]
JAMA. 2016 Apr 19;315(15):1600-9 [PMID: 27092830]
N Engl J Med. 1994 Dec 1;331(22):1500-7 [PMID: 7969301]
Neuroscientist. 2009 Apr;15(2):180-93 [PMID: 19307424]
J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jun 20;28(18):3069-75 [PMID: 20479404]
Transl Pediatr. 2022 Dec;11(12):2040-2056 [PMID: 36643672]
J Cell Physiol. 2008 Dec;217(3):584-9 [PMID: 18651562]
Lancet Oncol. 2004 Jul;5(7):399-408 [PMID: 15231246]
Neuro Oncol. 2011 Jun;13(6):669-79 [PMID: 21636711]
IUBMB Life. 2004 Mar;56(3):167-9 [PMID: 15185751]
Mol Cancer Res. 2010 Jan;8(1):35-45 [PMID: 20053726]
Nat Commun. 2021 Feb 12;12(1):971 [PMID: 33579942]
Biochem J. 2016 Oct 1;473(19):2937-53 [PMID: 27679855]
Acta Neuropathol. 2015 Dec;130(6):815-27 [PMID: 26399631]
Cancer Res. 2003 Sep 15;63(18):5950-6 [PMID: 14522921]
Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Sep 15;28(18):3950-3957 [PMID: 35833850]
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 Sep;13(12):2380-7 [PMID: 23016643]
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009 Sep;64(4):691-706 [PMID: 19169880]
Nat Chem Biol. 2010 Mar;6(3):238-243 [PMID: 20139990]
Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Dec 1;9(16 Pt 1):5922-8 [PMID: 14676116]
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 29;8(4):e61512 [PMID: 23637844]
Cancer Lett. 2001 Nov 28;173(2):183-6 [PMID: 11597793]
Nat Med. 2015 Jul;21(7):827 [PMID: 26151328]
J Clin Oncol. 1999 Sep;17(9):2762-71 [PMID: 10561351]
Neuro Oncol. 2011 Apr;13(4):410-6 [PMID: 21345842]
J Comb Chem. 1999 Jan;1(1):55-68 [PMID: 10746014]
J Neurooncol. 2019 Jan;141(2):449-457 [PMID: 30460634]
Br J Neurosurg. 2009 Aug;23(4):364-75 [PMID: 19637007]
J Clin Oncol. 2008 Mar 1;26(7):1112-8 [PMID: 18309946]
Neoplasia. 2018 Jul;20(7):710-720 [PMID: 29852323]
Radiother Oncol. 1994 Apr;31(1):51-60 [PMID: 8041898]
Theranostics. 2018 Apr 30;8(11):3126-3137 [PMID: 29896307]
PLoS One. 2017 Jan 4;12(1):e0169485 [PMID: 28052119]
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Dec 1;78(5):1445-50 [PMID: 20231075]
Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2017 Jul 15;57(7):331-342 [PMID: 28592748]
Neuro Oncol. 2015 Jan;16 Suppl 10:x1-x36 [PMID: 25542864]
Mol Cancer Ther. 2022 Aug 2;21(8):1306-1317 [PMID: 35709750]
J Clin Oncol. 2015 Aug 20;33(24):2646-54 [PMID: 26169613]
Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2022 Sep;1877(5):188776 [PMID: 35961620]
Pharmaceutics. 2019 Dec 23;12(1): [PMID: 31878061]
Brain Pathol. 2010 Sep;20(5):926-35 [PMID: 20406235]
Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013 Oct;30(7):623-32 [PMID: 24050762]
Nat Med. 2013 Dec;19(12):1584-96 [PMID: 24309662]
Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1;15(7):2497-506 [PMID: 19258444]
J Neurosurg. 2009 Apr;110(4):725-9 [PMID: 19061350]
Lancet Oncol. 2014 Aug;15(9):e395-403 [PMID: 25079102]
Cancer Cell. 2016 Apr 11;29(4):508-522 [PMID: 27050100]
Neuro Oncol. 2011 Jan;13(1):109-18 [PMID: 20974795]
J Neurooncol. 2021 Nov;155(2):193-202 [PMID: 34657224]
Pediatr Pathol Lab Med. 1996 Jul-Aug;16(4):551-61 [PMID: 9025853]
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jun 24;20(12): [PMID: 31238510]
J Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Sep 30;39(5):469-78 [PMID: 17002866]
Epilepsia. 2019 Apr;60(4):707-717 [PMID: 30866067]
Drug Discov Today. 2016 Sep;21(9):1367-1386 [PMID: 27283274]
J Clin Oncol. 2008 Sep 1;26(25):4189-99 [PMID: 18757334]
J Cell Sci. 2011 Jul 1;124(Pt 13):2267-76 [PMID: 21652627]
Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020 Nov 18;17(1):69 [PMID: 33208141]
Acta Neuropathol. 2016 Jun;131(6):803-20 [PMID: 27157931]
J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2019 Mar 1;23(3):261-273 [PMID: 30835699]
Int J Cancer. 2013 Sep 15;133(6):1323-33 [PMID: 23457004]
Pharmaceutics. 2020 Dec 11;12(12): [PMID: 33322488]
Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2019 Jul 30;7(1):123 [PMID: 31362788]
Comp Med. 2013 Aug;63(4):355-60 [PMID: 24209972]
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013 Jan;35(1):e42-6 [PMID: 23249962]
Clin Cancer Res. 2014 Nov 15;20(22):5630-40 [PMID: 25398846]
Folia Neuropathol. 2007;45(3):115-9 [PMID: 17849361]
J Clin Oncol. 2019 Apr 20;37(12):974-983 [PMID: 30811284]
Front Oncol. 2022 Apr 11;12:853034 [PMID: 35480100]
Br J Cancer. 2000 Sep;83(5):588-93 [PMID: 10944597]
J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20;23(21):4726-34 [PMID: 16034048]
Lancet Oncol. 2009 Mar;10(3):258-66 [PMID: 19274783]
Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 26;7(1):6602 [PMID: 28747713]
Ann Oncol. 2001 Feb;12(2):259-66 [PMID: 11300335]
Cell. 2007 Nov 2;131(3):463-75 [PMID: 17981115]
Cancer Lett. 2019 Feb 1;442:161-169 [PMID: 30367915]
Br J Cancer. 2000 Sep;83(5):594-601 [PMID: 10944598]
N Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 17;328(24):1725-31 [PMID: 8388548]
IUBMB Life. 2009 Sep;61(9):880-94 [PMID: 19603518]
J Clin Oncol. 2006 Sep 1;24(25):4202-8 [PMID: 16943538]
Childs Nerv Syst. 1990 Mar;6(2):60-5 [PMID: 2340529]
Int J Radiat Biol. 1991 Jul-Aug;60(1-2):29-32 [PMID: 1677985]
Cancer Biol Med. 2018 May;15(2):116-123 [PMID: 29951336]
FEBS J. 2021 Nov;288(21):6127-6141 [PMID: 33523591]
Nat Med. 2015 Jun;21(6):555-9 [PMID: 25939062]
Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;28(suppl_4):iv119-iv142 [PMID: 28881921]
Nature. 2012 Aug 2;488(7409):49-56 [PMID: 22832581]
Neuro Oncol. 2021 Oct 5;23(12 Suppl 2):iii1-iii105 [PMID: 34608945]
Cancer Med. 2023 Dec;12(23):21075-21096 [PMID: 37997517]
Drugs. 1977 Feb;13(2):81-123 [PMID: 402258]
Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;80(7):670-8 [PMID: 12182325]

Grants

  1. K23 AI134307/NIAID NIH HHS
  2. K23 MH125734/NIMH NIH HHS

MeSH Term

Child
Humans
Blood-Brain Barrier
Quality of Life
Brain Neoplasms
Antineoplastic Agents

Chemicals

Antineoplastic Agents
Journal Article Review Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Word Cloud

Similar Articles

Cited By