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Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
08, 2024;32 (8): 1541-1550.

Acid accumulation is associated with metabolic alterations; higher energy, fat, and protein intake; and energy expenditure.

Andrés M Treviño-Alvarez, Tomás Cabeza de Baca, Emma J Stinson, Marci E Gluck, Paolo Piaggi, Susanne B Votruba, Jonathan Krakoff, Douglas C Chang
Author Information
  1. Andrés M Treviño-Alvarez: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. ORCID
  2. Tomás Cabeza de Baca: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. ORCID
  3. Emma J Stinson: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. ORCID
  4. Marci E Gluck: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
  5. Paolo Piaggi: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. ORCID
  6. Susanne B Votruba: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
  7. Jonathan Krakoff: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
  8. Douglas C Chang: Department of Health and Human Services, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
PMID: 38932559 DOI: 10.1002/oby.24086

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to study how acid accumulation (lower plasma bicarbonate and higher anion gap [AG] and corrected anion gap [CAG]) correlates with metabolic parameters, food intake, and 24-h energy expenditure (EE).
METHODS: Acid accumulation was measured in 286 healthy adults with estimated glomerular filtration rate > 60 mL/min/1.73 m. Measurements included body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan, ad libitum energy intake by a vending machine paradigm over 3 days, and 24-h EE in a whole-room indirect calorimeter.
RESULTS: Lower bicarbonate, higher AG, and higher CAG were correlated with higher waist and thigh circumferences, body fat (percentage), fat mass, triglycerides, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Acid accumulation markers were correlated with higher total energy (CAG partial r = 0.17; p = 0.02), fat (CAG partial r = 0.17; p = 0.02), protein intake (CAG partial r = 0.20; p = 0.006), and 24-h EE (CAG partial r = 0.24; p = 0.0007). A mediation analysis of CAG and total energy intake found that 24-h EE was a partial mediator (40%), but the association remained significant (β = 0.15; p < 0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: In healthy individuals, acid accumulation was associated with an unfavorable metabolic phenotype; higher 24-h EE; and increased total energy, fat, and protein intake. Acid accumulation markers, as putative markers of higher dietary acid load (e.g., from protein), may affect energy balance physiology promoting weight gain.

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Grants

  1. DK069091-12/NIDDK NIH HHS

MeSH Term

Humans
Energy Metabolism
Male
Female
Energy Intake
Adult
Middle Aged
Body Composition
Dietary Fats
Dietary Proteins
Absorptiometry, Photon
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Triglycerides

Chemicals

Dietary Fats
Dietary Proteins
Triglycerides
Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

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