http://192.168.164.12:81/ricewiki/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LilyRiceWiki - User contributions [en]2026-08-27T17:26:12ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175551Os07g02612002014-06-01T09:56:22Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Localization and Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB.<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.Ghd7 is thought to be an evolutionarily new gene, because it does not have homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the protein sequence lacks a B-box domain, and the non-CCT portion differs from other CCT domain-containing proteins<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref12" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:F4Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4. Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.'''The tree was built using the Neighbor-Joining method. The conserved motifs were shaded in different colors. The two clades can be distinguished by the motif distribution. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.g003((from reference<ref name="ref13" />)]]<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
Large regions of non-conservation were observed between the sorghum and rice Ghd7 orthologous regions.Sequence analysis demonstrated high gene collinearity across the genus Oryza and a disruption of collinearity among non-Oryza species. In particular, Ghd7 was not present in orthologous positions except in Oryza species. The Ghd7 regions were found to have low gene densities and high contents of repetitive elements, and that the sizes of orthologous regions varied tremendously. The large transposable element contents resulted in a high frequency of pseudogenization and gene movement events surrounding the Ghd7 loci.<br />
Annotation information and cytological experiments have indicated that Ghd7 is a heterochromatic gene. Ghd7 orthologs were identified in B. distachyon, sorghum and maize by phylogenetic analysis; however, the positions of orthologous genes differed dramatically as a consequence of gene movements in grasses. Rather, we identified sequence remnants of gene movement of Ghd7 mediated by illegitimate recombination in the B. distachyon genome<ref name="ref13" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<ref name="ref12">Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G,etal.(2003) The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice, and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 131:1855–1867.</ref><br />
<ref name="ref13">Yang L, Liu T, Li B,et al. (2012) Comparative Sequence Analysis of the Ghd7 Orthologous Regions Revealed Movement of Ghd7 in the Grass Genomes. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.</ref><br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==<br />
{{JaponicaGene|<br />
GeneName = Os07g0261200|<br />
Description = XXX|<br />
Version = XXX |<br />
Length = XXX bp|<br />
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os07g0261200, complete gene.|<br />
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group<br />
<br />
ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group<br />
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;<br />
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP<br />
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.<br />
|<br />
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 7|Chromosome 7]]|<br />
AP = Chromosome 7:XXX..XXX|<br />
CDS = start1...end1, start2..end2|<br />
GCID = <gbrowseImage1><br />
name=NC_008400:start..end<br />
source=RiceChromosome07<br />
preset=GeneLocation<br />
</gbrowseImage1>|<br />
GSID = <gbrowseImage2><br />
name=NC_008400:start..end<br />
source=RiceChromosome07<br />
preset=GeneLocation<br />
</gbrowseImage2>|<br />
CDNA = <cdnaseq>XXX</cdnaseq>|<br />
AA = <aaseq>XXX</aaseq>|<br />
DNA =<dnaseqindica>XXX</dnaseqindica>|<br />
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_XXX RefSeq:Os07g0261200]|<br />
}}</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175182Os07g02612002014-05-31T15:41:15Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Localization and Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB.<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.Ghd7 is thought to be an evolutionarily new gene, because it does not have homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the protein sequence lacks a B-box domain, and the non-CCT portion differs from other CCT domain-containing proteins<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref12" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:F4Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4. Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.'''The tree was built using the Neighbor-Joining method. The conserved motifs were shaded in different colors. The two clades can be distinguished by the motif distribution. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.g003((from reference<ref name="ref13" />)]]<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
Large regions of non-conservation were observed between the sorghum and rice Ghd7 orthologous regions.Sequence analysis demonstrated high gene collinearity across the genus Oryza and a disruption of collinearity among non-Oryza species. In particular, Ghd7 was not present in orthologous positions except in Oryza species. The Ghd7 regions were found to have low gene densities and high contents of repetitive elements, and that the sizes of orthologous regions varied tremendously. The large transposable element contents resulted in a high frequency of pseudogenization and gene movement events surrounding the Ghd7 loci.<br />
Annotation information and cytological experiments have indicated that Ghd7 is a heterochromatic gene. Ghd7 orthologs were identified in B. distachyon, sorghum and maize by phylogenetic analysis; however, the positions of orthologous genes differed dramatically as a consequence of gene movements in grasses. Rather, we identified sequence remnants of gene movement of Ghd7 mediated by illegitimate recombination in the B. distachyon genome<ref name="ref13" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<ref name="ref12">Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G,etal.(2003) The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice, and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 131:1855–1867.</ref><br />
<ref name="ref13">Yang L, Liu T, Li B,et al. (2012) Comparative Sequence Analysis of the Ghd7 Orthologous Regions Revealed Movement of Ghd7 in the Grass Genomes. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.</ref><br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175180Os07g02612002014-05-31T15:33:19Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Localization and Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB.<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.Ghd7 is thought to be an evolutionarily new gene, because it does not have homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the protein sequence lacks a B-box domain, and the non-CCT portion differs from other CCT domain-containing proteins<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref12" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:F4Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4. Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.'''The tree was built using the Neighbor-Joining method. The conserved motifs were shaded in different colors. The two clades can be distinguished by the motif distribution. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.g003((from reference<ref name="ref13" />)]]<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
Large regions of non-conservation were observed between the sorghum and rice Ghd7 orthologous regions.Sequence analysis demonstrated high gene collinearity across the genus Oryza and a disruption of collinearity among non-Oryza species. In particular, Ghd7 was not present in orthologous positions except in Oryza species. The Ghd7 regions were found to have low gene densities and high contents of repetitive elements, and that the sizes of orthologous regions varied tremendously. The large transposable element contents resulted in a high frequency of pseudogenization and gene movement events surrounding the Ghd7 loci.<br />
Annotation information and cytological experiments have indicated that Ghd7 is a heterochromatic gene. Ghd7 orthologs were identified in B. distachyon, sorghum and maize by phylogenetic analysis; however, the positions of orthologous genes differed dramatically as a consequence of gene movements in grasses. Rather, we identified sequence remnants of gene movement of Ghd7 mediated by illegitimate recombination in the B. distachyon genome<ref name="ref13" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<ref name="ref12">Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G,etal.(2003) The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice, and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 131:1855–1867.</ref><br />
<ref name="ref13">Yang L, Liu T, Li B,et al. (2012) Comparative Sequence Analysis of the Ghd7 Orthologous Regions Revealed Movement of Ghd7 in the Grass Genomes. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.</ref><br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==<br />
[[File:Ncfetch.png|middle|thumb|300px|]]<br />
LOCUS EU286800 1028 bp mRNA linear PLN 04-JUN-2008<br />
DEFINITION Oryza sativa Indica Group cultivar Minghui 63 GHD7 (Ghd7) mRNA,<br />
complete cds.<br />
ACCESSION EU286800<br />
VERSION EU286800.1 GI:168188196<br />
KEYWORDS .<br />
SOURCE Oryza sativa Indica Group (long-grained rice)<br />
ORGANISM Oryza sativa Indica Group<br />
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;<br />
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP<br />
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.<br />
REFERENCE 1 (bases 1 to 1028)<br />
AUTHORS Xue,W., Xing,Y., Weng,X., Zhao,Y., Tang,W., Wang,L., Zhou,H.,<br />
Yu,S., Xu,C., Li,X. and Zhang,Q.<br />
TITLE Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date<br />
and yield potential in rice<br />
JOURNAL Nat. Genet. 40 (6), 761-767 (2008)<br />
PUBMED 18454147<br />
REFERENCE 2 (bases 1 to 1028)<br />
AUTHORS Xue,W., Xing,Y., Weng,X. and Zhang,Q.<br />
TITLE A major QTL for productivity and adaptability of rice<br />
JOURNAL Unpublished<br />
REFERENCE 3 (bases 1 to 1028)<br />
AUTHORS Xue,W., Xing,Y., Weng,X. and Zhang,Q.<br />
TITLE Direct Submission<br />
JOURNAL Submitted (17-NOV-2007) National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic<br />
Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan),<br />
Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China<br />
FEATURES Location/Qualifiers<br />
source 1..1028<br />
/organism="Oryza sativa Indica Group"<br />
/mol_type="mRNA"<br />
/cultivar="Minghui 63"<br />
/db_xref="taxon:39946"<br />
gene 1..1028<br />
/gene="Ghd7"<br />
/note="CCT"<br />
CDS 211..984<br />
/gene="Ghd7"<br />
/codon_start=1<br />
/product="GHD7"<br />
/protein_id="ACA14488.1"<br />
/db_xref="GI:168188197"<br />
/translation="MSMGPAAGEGCGLCGADGGGCCSRHRHDDDGFPFVFPPSACQGI<br />
GAPAPPVHEFQFFGNDGGGDDGESVAWLFDDYPPPSPVAAAAGMHHRQPPYDGVVAPP<br />
SLFRRNTGAGGLTFDVSLGGRPDLDAGLGLGGGSGRHAEAAASATIMSYCGSTFTDAA<br />
SSMPKEMVAAMADVGESLNPNTVVGAMVEREAKLMRYKEKRKKRCYEKQIRYASRKAY<br />
AEMRPRVRGRFAKEADQEAVAPPSTYVDPSRLELGQWFR"<br />
ORIGIN <br />
1 caacttgccc tgtcttcttc ttcttcttct tcttgtacct atattattac aagtcatcga<br />
61 tctcgctgat cgatcagtga tcacaagcat ttcacaaccc tagctagctg agctgatcga<br />
121 gctcaagtga cctcacctgc tatagctaac ttactagcta gctctagcta gttgttgttt<br />
181 gtagctcgat cgagtttgat ttatccgttc atgtcgatgg gaccagcagc cggagaagga<br />
241 tgtggcctgt gcggcgccga cggtggcggc tgttgctccc gccatcgcca cgatgatgat<br />
301 ggattcccct tcgtcttccc gccgagtgcg tgccagggga tcggcgcccc ggcgccaccg<br />
361 gtgcacgagt tccagttctt cggcaacgac ggcggcggcg acgacggcga gagcgtggcc<br />
421 tggctgttcg atgactaccc gccgccgtcg cccgttgctg ccgccgccgg gatgcatcat<br />
481 cggcagccgc cgtacgacgg cgtcgtggcg ccgccgtcgc tgttcaggag gaacaccggc<br />
541 gccggcgggc tcacgttcga cgtctccctc ggcggacggc ccgacctgga cgccgggctc<br />
601 ggcctcggcg gcggcagcgg ccggcacgcc gaggccgcgg ccagcgccac catcatgtca<br />
661 tattgtggga gcacgttcac tgacgcagcg agctcgatgc ccaaggagat ggtggccgcc<br />
721 atggccgatg ttggggagag cttgaaccca aacacggtgg ttggcgcaat ggtggagagg<br />
781 gaggccaagc tgatgaggta caaggagaag aggaagaaga ggtgctacga gaagcaaatc<br />
841 cggtacgcgt ccagaaaagc ctatgccgag atgaggcccc gagtgagagg tcgcttcgcc<br />
901 aaagaagctg atcaggaagc tgtcgcaccg ccatccacct atgtcgatcc tagtaggctt<br />
961 gagcttggac aatggttcag atagataatt acagtgcgta tataccacta actaaaaaaa<br />
1021 aaaaaaaa<br />
//</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Ncfetch.png&diff=175179File:Ncfetch.png2014-05-31T15:29:07Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175143Os07g02612002014-05-31T13:48:27Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Localization and Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB.<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.Ghd7 is thought to be an evolutionarily new gene, because it does not have homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the protein sequence lacks a B-box domain, and the non-CCT portion differs from other CCT domain-containing proteins<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref12" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:F4Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4. Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.'''The tree was built using the Neighbor-Joining method. The conserved motifs were shaded in different colors. The two clades can be distinguished by the motif distribution. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.g003((from reference<ref name="ref13" />)]]<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
Large regions of non-conservation were observed between the sorghum and rice Ghd7 orthologous regions.Sequence analysis demonstrated high gene collinearity across the genus Oryza and a disruption of collinearity among non-Oryza species. In particular, Ghd7 was not present in orthologous positions except in Oryza species. The Ghd7 regions were found to have low gene densities and high contents of repetitive elements, and that the sizes of orthologous regions varied tremendously. The large transposable element contents resulted in a high frequency of pseudogenization and gene movement events surrounding the Ghd7 loci.<br />
Annotation information and cytological experiments have indicated that Ghd7 is a heterochromatic gene. Ghd7 orthologs were identified in B. distachyon, sorghum and maize by phylogenetic analysis; however, the positions of orthologous genes differed dramatically as a consequence of gene movements in grasses. Rather, we identified sequence remnants of gene movement of Ghd7 mediated by illegitimate recombination in the B. distachyon genome<ref name="ref13" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<ref name="ref12">Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G,etal.(2003) The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice, and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 131:1855–1867.</ref><br />
<ref name="ref13">Yang L, Liu T, Li B,et al. (2012) Comparative Sequence Analysis of the Ghd7 Orthologous Regions Revealed Movement of Ghd7 in the Grass Genomes. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:F4Unrooted_phylogenetic_tree_for_Ghd7_and_its_homologous_genes_from_rice,_B._distachyon,_sorghum_and_maize.jpg&diff=175142File:F4Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.jpg2014-05-31T13:47:59Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175140Os07g02612002014-05-31T13:43:06Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Localization and Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB.<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.Ghd7 is thought to be an evolutionarily new gene, because it does not have homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the protein sequence lacks a B-box domain, and the non-CCT portion differs from other CCT domain-containing proteins<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref12" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 4.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4. Unrooted phylogenetic tree for Ghd7 and its homologous genes from rice, B. distachyon, sorghum and maize.'''The tree was built using the Neighbor-Joining method. The conserved motifs were shaded in different colors. The two clades can be distinguished by the motif distribution. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.g003((from reference<ref name="ref13" />)]]<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
Large regions of non-conservation were observed between the sorghum and rice Ghd7 orthologous regions.Sequence analysis demonstrated high gene collinearity across the genus Oryza and a disruption of collinearity among non-Oryza species. In particular, Ghd7 was not present in orthologous positions except in Oryza species. The Ghd7 regions were found to have low gene densities and high contents of repetitive elements, and that the sizes of orthologous regions varied tremendously. The large transposable element contents resulted in a high frequency of pseudogenization and gene movement events surrounding the Ghd7 loci.<br />
Annotation information and cytological experiments have indicated that Ghd7 is a heterochromatic gene. Ghd7 orthologs were identified in B. distachyon, sorghum and maize by phylogenetic analysis; however, the positions of orthologous genes differed dramatically as a consequence of gene movements in grasses. Rather, we identified sequence remnants of gene movement of Ghd7 mediated by illegitimate recombination in the B. distachyon genome<ref name="ref13" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<ref name="ref12">Griffiths S, Dunford RP, Coupland G,etal.(2003) The evolution of CONSTANS-like gene families in barley, rice, and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 131:1855–1867.</ref><br />
<ref name="ref13">Yang L, Liu T, Li B,et al. (2012) Comparative Sequence Analysis of the Ghd7 Orthologous Regions Revealed Movement of Ghd7 in the Grass Genomes. PLoS ONE 7(11): e50236. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050236.</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:F4_.jpg&diff=175138File:F4 .jpg2014-05-31T13:41:25Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175121Os07g02612002014-05-31T13:05:07Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Localization and Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB.<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175120Os07g02612002014-05-31T13:02:30Z<p>Lily: /* Localization */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB.<br />
<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175119Os07g02612002014-05-31T13:01:20Z<p>Lily: /* Localization */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
Ghd7, a CCT domain-containing gene located on the short arm of rice chromosome 7, controls the number of grains per panicle, plant height and heading date<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175118Os07g02612002014-05-31T12:27:35Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be '''a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential'''<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175116Os07g02612002014-05-31T12:26:42Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as '''an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice''';As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
'''The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions:''' Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits---plant height(PH), Heading date (HD) and spikelets per panicle(SPP).''' Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175114Os07g02612002014-05-31T12:18:18Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits (PH, HD and spikelets per panicle [SPP]) . Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref2"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175113Os07g02612002014-05-31T12:15:43Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
Ghd7 has pleiotropic effects on three agronomic traits (PH, HD and spikelets per panicle [SPP]) . Ghd7 delays HD, increases PH and panicle size, and results in enhanced gene expression of Ehd1 and Hd3a under long-day conditions. Expression pattern analysis suggested that Ghd7 may function upstream of Ehd1 and<br />
Hd3a in the rice flowering pathway. Association analysis of 19 rice cultivars identified five allelic variants of Ghd7. The Ghd7 alleles<br />
with strong genetic effects were shown to increase grain yield by adapting to the long growing season of tropical regions and the Ghd7 alleles with no or reduced effect found in temperate regions shortened the rice life cycle to ensure seed setting<ref name="ref4"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175111Os07g02612002014-05-31T12:00:33Z<p>Lily: /* Evolution */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
Ghd7 is a pleiotropic gene that controls the traits of Plant height, heading date, and yield.In this study<ref name="ref11" />, a rice germplasm collection of 104 accessions (Oryza sativa) and 3 wild rice varieties (O.rufipogon) was used to analyze the evolution and association of Ghd7 with plant height, heading date, and yield. Among the 104 accessions, 76 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and six insertions and deletions were found within a 3932-bp DNA fragment of Ghd7. A higher pairwise p and h in the promoter indicated a highly diversified promoter of Ghd7. Sixteen haplotypes and 8 types of Ghd7 protein were detected. SNP changes between haplotypes indicated that '''Ghd7 evolved from two distinct ancestral gene pools, and independent domestication processes were detected in indica and japonica varietals respectively.''' In addition to the previously reported '''premature stop mutation in the first exon of Ghd7, which caused phenotypic changes of multiple traits''', we found another functional C/T mutation (SNP S_555) by structure-based association analysis. '''SNP S_555 is located in the promoter and was related to plant height probably by altering gene expression'''. Moreover, another seven SNP mutations in complete linkage were found to be associated with the number of spikelets per panicle, regardless of the photoperiod. These associations provide the potential for flexibility of Ghd7 application in rice breeding programs.<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175109Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:47:11Z<p>Lily: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref11">Lu L, Yan WH, Xue WY; et al.(2012)Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021</ref><br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175108Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:43:57Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175107Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:43:03Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1 .jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:F1_.jpg&diff=175106File:F1 .jpg2014-05-31T11:42:10Z<p>Lily: The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.
A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density
conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm.
B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after</p>
<hr />
<div>The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.<br />
A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density<br />
conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm.<br />
B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination<br />
(DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of<br />
NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars<br />
indicate SE.</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175105Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:39:18Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:F1.|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:F1.jpg&diff=175104File:F1.jpg2014-05-31T11:38:46Z<p>Lily: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:F1.jpg&quot;</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175103Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:36:21Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 3. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of<br />
NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 3. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Figure_3._The_effect_of_Ghd7_on_tillering_in_different_density_conditions..jpg&diff=175102File:Figure 3. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions..jpg2014-05-31T11:32:28Z<p>Lily: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Figure 3. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions..jpg&quot;</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175101Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:28:36Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 3. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of<br />
NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175100Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:25:59Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 2. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions.'''A, Tillers of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) under low- and high-density conditions under natural long-day conditions in Wuhan. Bar = 10 cm. B, Tiller number of NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7) at 68 days after germination (DAG; the heading date of NIL(zs7)) and 91 DAG (the heading date of<br />
NIL(mh7); three different plantings with 30 plants each). Error bars indicate SE.<ref name="ref1" />)]] <br />
Researchers designated NIL(zs7) and NIL(mh7), with almost all of the genetic background of Zhenshan 97 except the introgressed segment, which contained the Ghd7; NIL(mh7) plants had significantly more tillers than NIL(zs7) plants at low-density conditions (Fig. 1), demonstrating that Ghd7 regulates tiller number in a density-dependent manner. Interestingly, there was also a significant increase in secondary branches of the panicles in NIL(mh7) relative to NIL(zs7) at low density, leading to an increased grain number without compromising the number of primary branches;These results suggest that Ghd7 regulates the plasticity of branch development of the plant to adapt to the neighborhood environment.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Figure_3._The_effect_of_Ghd7_on_tillering_in_different_density_conditions..jpg&diff=175095File:Figure 3. The effect of Ghd7 on tillering in different density conditions..jpg2014-05-31T11:15:01Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175093Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:07:37Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':'''<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175092Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:06:24Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
'''Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'':''' Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
'''Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows:'''<br />
Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
'''Ghd7 and Protein diversity of Ghd7:'''<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175089Os07g02612002014-05-31T11:03:51Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .[[File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.''' The two exons (indicated in black rectangle) and the 59 and 39 UTRs (indicated in white rectangle) of Ghd7 are shown in graphics on the top. The first row indicates the position of the SNPs, the last row reveals the amino acid change. Gray indicates synonymous SNP. Eight types of Ghd7 protein were identified. Ghd7-0 was a permutation type. Hap indicates the haplotypes that share the same protein type. The numbers in the right column are the numbers of cultivars (cvs) represented in every protein type. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034021.g003((from reference<ref name="ref11" />)]]Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Figure_2._Protein_diversity_of_Ghd7.jpg&diff=175088File:Figure 2. Protein diversity of Ghd7.jpg2014-05-31T10:59:56Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175080Os07g02612002014-05-31T10:42:53Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175079Os07g02612002014-05-31T10:41:49Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175078Os07g02612002014-05-31T10:40:40Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175071Os07g02612002014-05-31T10:29:19Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 6). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175070Os07g02612002014-05-31T10:25:49Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]<br />
<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175069Os07g02612002014-05-31T10:24:16Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|"Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)"]]<br />
<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175067Os07g02612002014-05-31T10:21:56Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|"Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)"]]<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175062Os07g02612002014-05-31T09:28:14Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|"Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA(<ref name="ref10" />)"]].<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175058Os07g02612002014-05-31T09:23:07Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|"Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA(<ref name="ref10" />)"]].<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175057Os07g02612002014-05-31T09:22:43Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|"Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA(<ref name="ref10" />)"]].<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" /><br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Figure_1._Newly_proposed_model_of_daylength_measurement_in_rice.jpg&diff=175056File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg2014-05-31T09:15:55Z<p>Lily: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175055Os07g02612002014-05-31T09:13:57Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" />[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|"Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA(<ref name="ref10" />)"]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175052Os07g02612002014-05-31T09:10:57Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" />[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg"Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA"(<ref name="ref10" />)]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Figure_1._Newly_proposed_model_of_daylength_measurement_in_rice..jpg&diff=175051File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice..jpg2014-05-31T09:07:19Z<p>Lily: Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light-mediated responses,
respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two
phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice:
LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity b</p>
<hr />
<div>Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light-mediated responses,<br />
respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two<br />
phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice:<br />
LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent<br />
inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175047Os07g02612002014-05-31T09:00:45Z<p>Lily: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce Ghd7 mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of Ghd7 mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<ref name="ref10">Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=175040Os07g02612002014-05-31T08:55:13Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce Ghd7 mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of Ghd7 mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice<ref name="ref10" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=174990Os07g02612002014-05-31T06:43:42Z<p>Lily: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain<br />
finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a<br />
flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<ref name="ref7">Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920</ref><br />
<ref name="ref8">Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612</ref><br />
<ref name="ref9">Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=174989Os07g02612002014-05-31T06:39:08Z<p>Lily: /* Expression */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain<br />
finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a<br />
flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.<br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lilyhttps://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os07g0261200&diff=174988Os07g02612002014-05-31T06:34:07Z<p>Lily: /* Function */</p>
<hr />
<div>Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.<br />
<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（''Ghd7''） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice<br />
== Function ==<br />
In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield .<br />
PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively.<br />
Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (''Ghd7'') has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ''Ghd7'' on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. ''Ghd7'' regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. ''Ghd7'' also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,''Ghd7'' functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant<ref name="ref1"/>.<br />
<br />
Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (''Ghd7'') encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential<ref name="ref2"/>;Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4"/>.Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref3"/>.<br />
<br />
== Localization ==<br />
Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB<br />
<br />
== Expression ==<br />
Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.<br />
<br />
Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of EARLY FLOWERING3 genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> <br />
<br />
<br />
Ghd7 is encoded by ''Ghd7'' .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous<br />
SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.<br />
<br />
==Evolution==<br />
<br />
==Labs working on this gene==<br />
1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China<br />
<br />
2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences<br />
<br />
3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan<br />
<br />
4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references> <br />
<ref name="ref1">Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747</ref><br />
<ref name="ref2">Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767</ref><br />
<ref name="ref3">Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638</ref><br />
<ref name="ref4">Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137</ref><br />
<ref name="ref5">Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705</ref><br />
<ref name="ref6">Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang<br />
Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response<br />
Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747<br />
2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing<br />
Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice<br />
PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021<br />
3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa<br />
Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice<br />
Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137<br />
4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano<br />
Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions<br />
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143<br />
5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang<br />
Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice<br />
Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767<br />
<br />
== Structured Information ==</div>Lily