RiceWiki - User contributions [en]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-19T15:20:19Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.Transgenic modification to
''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture. A, Expression of ''Cga1'' in the selected transgenic lines compared with wild-type Kaybonnet controls (Wt-Kay) measured using qRT-PCR. B, Preflowering transgenic ''OsCga1'' lines at 60 d after germination exhibit differences in plant architecture. C, Chlorophyll at young (third leaf) and late (flag leaf) stages of development (n = 36+; *P < 0.05). D, Height of mature transgenic plants (n = 40; *P > 0.05). E, Mature transgenic plants (150 d after germination) compared with the wild type. F, Number of flowering tillers (n = 80; *P < 0.05).

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production. A, Light microscopy of leaf blades showing fresh samples (right) and following IKI staining (left) for starch. B, Wax-embedded leaf tissue sections (12 μm) stained with IKI. C, Seed starch measured using the Megazyme Total Starch kit (Wilcoxon; n = 5–6; *P< 0.05). D, Seed mass (n = 100; *P> 0.05) and images of seeds produced from transgenic lines. E, Panicles from the primary tiller showing differences in architecture as well as delayed senescence of Cga1 overexpression lines compared with the wild-type Kaybonnet control (Wt-''Kay''). F, Panicle architecture and grain filling in the Cga1 transgenics compared with the wild type (n = 40+; *P< 0.05). All data are means±SD.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==
<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-19T15:14:40Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production. A, Light microscopy of leaf blades showing fresh samples (right) and following IKI staining (left) for starch. B, Wax-embedded leaf tissue sections (12 μm) stained with IKI. C, Seed starch measured using the Megazyme Total Starch kit (Wilcoxon; n = 5–6; *P< 0.05). D, Seed mass (n = 100; *P> 0.05) and images of seeds produced from transgenic lines. E, Panicles from the primary tiller showing differences in architecture as well as delayed senescence of Cga1 overexpression lines compared with the wild-type Kaybonnet control (Wt-''Kay''). F, Panicle architecture and grain filling in the Cga1 transgenics compared with the wild type (n = 40+; *P< 0.05). All data are means±SD.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.Expression of rice ''Cga1'' (Os02g12790). A, Expression of Cga1 in selected rice tissues. B, Expression of Cga1 at 6-h intervals throughout the course of the day (long day; 16 h of light). C, Real-time PCR of ''OsCga1'' expression levels following periods of darkness or light and following treatment with 10 mM nitrate, 10 ''μ''mol of BA cytokinin, or 10 ''μ''mol of GA3.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==
<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-19T15:09:03Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.Transgenic modification to
''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture. A, Expression of ''Cga1'' in the selected transgenic lines compared with wild-type Kaybonnet controls (Wt-Kay) measured using qRT-PCR. B, Preflowering transgenic ''OsCga1'' lines at 60 d after germination exhibit differences in plant architecture. C, Chlorophyll at young (third leaf) and late (flag leaf) stages of development (n = 36+; *P < 0.05). D, Height of mature transgenic plants (n = 40; *P > 0.05). E, Mature transgenic plants (150 d after germination) compared with the wild type. F, Number of flowering tillers (n = 80; *P < 0.05).

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production. A, Light microscopy of leaf blades showing fresh samples (right) and following IKI staining (left) for starch. B, Wax-embedded leaf tissue sections (12 μm) stained with IKI. C, Seed starch measured using the Megazyme Total Starch kit (Wilcoxon; n = 5–6; *P< 0.05). D, Seed mass (n = 100; *P> 0.05) and images of seeds produced from transgenic lines. E, Panicles from the primary tiller showing differences in architecture as well as delayed senescence of Cga1 overexpression lines compared with the wild-type Kaybonnet control (Wt-''Kay''). F, Panicle architecture and grain filling in the Cga1 transgenics compared with the wild type (n = 40+; *P< 0.05). All data are means±SD.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.Expression of rice ''Cga1'' (Os02g12790). A, Expression of Cga1 in selected rice tissues. B, Expression of Cga1 at 6-h intervals throughout the course of the day (long day; 16 h of light). C, Real-time PCR of ''OsCga1'' expression levels following periods of darkness or light and following treatment with 10 mM nitrate, 10 ''μ''mol of BA cytokinin, or 10 ''μ''mol of GA3.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-19T14:53:38Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.Transgenic modification to
''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture. A, Expression of ''Cga1'' in the selected transgenic lines compared with wild-type Kaybonnet controls (Wt-Kay) measured using qRT-PCR. B, Preflowering transgenic ''OsCga1'' lines at 60 d after germination exhibit differences in plant architecture. C, Chlorophyll at young (third leaf) and late (flag leaf) stages of development (n = 36+; *P < 0.05). D, Height of mature transgenic plants (n = 40; *P > 0.05). E, Mature transgenic plants (150 d after germination) compared with the wild type. F, Number of flowering tillers (n = 80; *P < 0.05).

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production. A, Light microscopy of leaf blades showing fresh samples (right) and following IKI staining (left) for starch. B, Wax-embedded leaf tissue sections (12 μm) stained with IKI. C, Seed starch measured using the Megazyme Total Starch kit (Wilcoxon; n = 5–6; *P< 0.05). D, Seed mass (n = 100; *P> 0.05) and images of seeds produced from transgenic lines. E, Panicles from the primary tiller showing differences in architecture as well as delayed senescence of Cga1 overexpression lines compared with the wild-type Kaybonnet control (Wt-''Kay''). F, Panicle architecture and grain filling in the Cga1 transgenics compared with the wild type (n = 40+; *P< 0.05). All data are means±SD.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.Expression of rice ''Cga1'' (Os02g12790). A, Expression of Cga1 in selected rice tissues. B, Expression of Cga1 at 6-h intervals throughout the course of the day (long day; 16 h of light). C, Real-time PCR of ''OsCga1'' expression levels following periods of darkness or light and following treatment with 10 mM nitrate, 10 ''μ''mol of BA cytokinin, or 10 ''μ''mol of GA3.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-19T14:51:11Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.Transgenic modification to
''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture. A, Expression of ''Cga1'' in the selected transgenic lines compared with wild-type Kaybonnet controls (Wt-Kay) measured using qRT-PCR. B, Preflowering transgenic ''OsCga1'' lines at 60 d after germination exhibit differences in plant architecture. C, Chlorophyll at young (third leaf) and late (flag leaf) stages of development (n = 36+; *P < 0.05). D, Height of mature transgenic plants (n = 40; *P > 0.05). E, Mature transgenic plants (150 d after germination) compared with the wild type. F, Number of flowering tillers (n = 80; *P < 0.05).

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production. A, Light microscopy of leaf blades showing fresh samples (right) and following IKI staining (left) for starch. B, Wax-embedded leaf tissue sections (12 μm) stained with IKI. C, Seed starch measured using the Megazyme Total Starch kit (Wilcoxon; n = 5–6; *P< 0.05). D, Seed mass (n = 100; *P> 0.05) and images of seeds produced from transgenic lines. E, Panicles from the primary tiller showing differences in architecture as well as delayed senescence of Cga1 overexpression lines compared with the wild-type Kaybonnet control (Wt-''Kay''). F, Panicle architecture and grain filling in the Cga1 transgenics compared with the wild type (n = 40+; *P< 0.05). All data are means±SD.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.Expression of rice Cga1 (Os02g12790). A, Expression of Cga1 in selected rice tissues. B, Expression of Cga1 at 6-h intervals throughout the course of the day (long day; 16 h of light). C, Real-time PCR of OsCga1 expression levels following periods of darkness or light and following treatment with 10 mM nitrate, 10 μmol of BA cytokinin, or 10 μmol of GA3.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-19T14:42:35Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.Transgenic modification to
''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture. A, Expression of ''Cga1'' in the selected transgenic lines compared with wild-type Kaybonnet controls (Wt-Kay) measured using qRT-PCR. B, Preflowering transgenic ''OsCga1'' lines at 60 d after germination exhibit differences in plant architecture. C, Chlorophyll at young (third leaf) and late (flag leaf) stages of development (n = 36+; *P < 0.05). D, Height of mature transgenic plants (n = 40; *P > 0.05). E, Mature transgenic plants (150 d after germination) compared with the wild type. F, Number of flowering tillers (n = 80; *P < 0.05).

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production. A, Light microscopy of leaf blades showing fresh samples (right) and following IKI staining (left) for starch. B, Wax-embedded leaf tissue sections (12 μm) stained with IKI. C, Seed starch measured using the Megazyme Total Starch kit (Wilcoxon; n = 5–6; *P< 0.05). D, Seed mass (n = 100; *P> 0.05) and images of seeds produced from transgenic lines. E, Panicles from the primary tiller showing differences in architecture as well as delayed senescence of Cga1 overexpression lines compared with the wild-type Kaybonnet control (Wt-''Kay''). F, Panicle architecture and grain filling in the Cga1 transgenics compared with the wild type (n = 40+; *P< 0.05). All data are means±SD.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os06g0597000

2014-05-19T14:30:39Z

Lymzzu2009:

''OsIAA23'', an ''Aux/IAA'' gene in rice, which stabilizing mutation exhibited defects in postembryonic maintenance of the quiescent center (QC) that caused the disintegration of the root cap and termination of root growth.

==Annotated Information==
===Function===

This gene, ''OsIAA23'', is a mutation of ''Aux/IAA'' gene in rice. The mutant is characterized by a loss of QC identity during postembryonic development, and the displayed defects result from a stabilizing mutation in domain II of OsIAA23 (Os06g39590).
(1)Characterization of the mutant is show in '''Figure 1'''.

[[File:Figure_1._Characterization_of_the_mutant.jpg‎]]

Figure 1. Characterization of the mutant.
(a) Root growth of 5-day-old seedlings of the wild type (WT) (left) and the heterozygous (middle) and homozygous mutant (right). Bar = 2 cm. (b–d) Cross-sections at the stem base of the WT (b), heterozygous mutant (c), and homozygous mutant (d). Bar = 0.5 mm. (e) Plants at the grain filling stage. From left to right: WT, the heterozygous mutant, and the homozygous mutant. (f) The panicle of three genotypes. From left to right: WT, the heterozygous mutant, and the homozygous mutant. Bar = 2 cm. (g–i) Stereomicroscopic images of OsCYCB1;1p::GUS in the roots of the three genotypes. From left to right: WT, the heterozygous mutant, and the homozygous mutant. Bar = 0.5 mm. (j) Gravitropic response of three genotypes. Seedlings were grown for 5 days under g1 gravitropic conditions and then moved to g2 where they were grown for 2 additional days. From top to bottom: WT, the heterozygous mutant, and the homozygous mutant. Bar = 2 cm.

(a) A point mutation was detected in the mutant, which resulted in a G to A base pair change of an Aux/IAA gene (OsIAA23), causing a change of glycine (G) to glutamate (E) in the conserved core sequence of domain II. The exons of OsIAA23 are indicated by thick rectangles, and introns are indicated by thin lines. The four domain positions are indicated by black boxes. (b) Confirmation of the point mutation in OsIAA23 using the dCAPS marker. From left to right: the WT, the heterozygous OsIAA23, and the homozygous OsIAA23, respectively. (c) Two transgenic plants containing the OsIAA23 gene exhibited phenotypes characteristic of the heterozygous and homozygous OsIAA23.

(2) Cloning of the ''OsIAA23'' gene
Heterozygous ''Osiaa23'' (''japonica'') was crossed with Kasalath (''indica''). Approximately half of the F1 population that exhibited the heterozygous mutant phenotype was selected and self-pollinated. The derived F2 population was used to map ''OsIAA23''.
The ''OsIAA23'' gene, sequenced from homozygous mutant genomic DNA, was found to contain a G to A base pair substitution causing a glycine (G) to glutamate (E) change (Gly64Glu) in domain II of ''OsIAA23'' '''(Figure 2)'''. These results confirm that the root tissue defects in the mutant are caused by the point mutation in domain II of ''OsIAA23''.

[[File:Figure_2._Map-based_cloning_and_complementation_test_of_OsIAA23.jpg]]

Figure 2. Map-based cloning and complementation test of OsIAA23.

(3) Response to auxin is reduced in ''Osiaa23''
To investigate the auxin response of the ''Osiaa23'' mutant,WT and ''Osiaa23'' mutants were treated with a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). These results indicated a reduced sensitivity to auxin in the ''Osiaa23'' mutant '''(Figure 3)'''.

[[File:Figure_3._Alteration_of_auxin_response_in_the_Osiaa23_mutant.jpg‎]]

Figure 3. Alteration of auxin response in the Osiaa23 mutant.
(a) Root growth performance of the wild type (WT; left) and Osiaa23 (right) plants grown in a solution culture with 1 lM NAA for 7 days. Bar = 1 cm.
(b) Proliferation of root hairs at the root apex of WT (left) and Osiaa23 (right) induced by 0.1 lM NAA treatment. Bar = 0.5 mm.
(c, d) Cross-sections indicate DR5p::GUS expression in the root zone with the initiation of lateral root (LR) primordia of WT (c) and Osiaa23 (d). Bars = 20 lm.
(e, f) GUS staining of cross-sections at the shoot base with the initiation of crown root primordial in WT (e) and Osiaa23 (f). Bar = 0.5 mm.
(g, h) GUS staining of the root apex of 1 d-old seedlings of WT and Osiaa23. Bars = 100 lm.

(4) Reduction of auxin signaling mediated by ''OsIAA23'' is important for crown root primordia development.
(5) ''OsIAA23'' does not act only in the QC, but auxin signaling mediated by ''OsIAA23'' in the QC plays a unique role in QC maintenance<ref name="pmid:1"/>.

===Expression===

''OsIAA23'' was found to be constitutively expressed in all of the examined tissues, although a lower abundance was observed in the embryo '''(Figure 4)'''.

[[File:Figure_4._Expression_pattern_of_OsIAA23_revealed_by_a_GUS_reporter_line.jpg]]

Figure 4. Expression pattern of OsIAA23 revealed by a GUS reporter line
(a, b) Stereomicroscope images showing GUS staining in the primary root tip (a) and the lateral root (LR) (b). Bar = 200 lm.
(c) Vertical section of the root tip of the transgenic plants.
(d, e) Cross section at the matured root zone with the initiation of LR primordia of the transgenic plants and the magnified view of the stele (e). Bar = 20 lm.
(f, g) OsIAA23 (f) and QHB (g) expression during the process of LR primordia development. Bar = 20 lm.
(h–j) Cross-sections at the shoot base. (h), (i) and (j) are different stages of crown root primordia. Bar = 100 lm.

===Evolution===
Aux/IAA and auxin response factor (ARF) are two important families that have been well recognized for their roles in auxin-mediated responses. Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional regulators that mediate the auxin responses through interaction with ARF transcription factors<ref name="pmid:2"/>.There are 31 members of Aux/IAA family genes in rice(''OsIAA1''- ''OsIAA31''). The first rice ''Aux/IAA'' gene (LOC_Os03g53150) was reported by Thakur et al<ref name="pmid:3"/>and they demonstrated that the ''Aux/IAA'' gene appears to have same function as the homology genes in ''Arabidopsis'''''(Figure 5)''''''（Figure 6）'''<ref name="pmid:4"/>.

[[File:Figure_5._Phylogenetic_relationship_among_the_rice_gene_IAA.jpg]]

Figure 5. Phylogenetic relationship among the rice gene Aux/IAA
Phylogenetic relationship among the rice gene Aux/IAA Proteins
The unrooted tree was generated using ClustalX program
by neighbor-joining method. Bootstrap values (above 50%) from
1,000 replicates are indicated at each node. Two rice ARF protein
sequences (OsARF1, AJ306306 and OsARF2, AB071293) were
used as outgroup. b Exon–intron organization of corresponding Aux/
IAA genes. The exons and introns are represented by black boxes
and lines, respectively. The numbers 0, 1, and 2 represent phase 0, 1,
and 2 introns, respectively

[[File:Figure_6._Real-time_PCR_expression_profiles_of_individual_OsIAA_genes.jpg]]

Figure 6. Real-time PCR expression profiles of individual OsIAA genes.
The relative mRNA levels of individual OsIAA genes
normalized with respect to housekeeping gene, UBQ5, in different
tissues (ES etiolated shoots, GS green shoots, R roots, F flowers, C
callus). b The relative mRNA levels of individual OsIAA genes in
control (16 h auxin depleted) and 2,4-D (30 μm) treated coleoptile
segments of 3-day-old etiolated rice seedlings. Asterisks indicate
that the expression was close to the detection limit. OsIAA28 could
not be amplified at all, whereas OsIAA29 transcription was detected
only in roots and that too at very low level. The range of differences
between the duplicates was 8–25%.

==Labs working on this gene==
1. State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;

2. National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;

3. Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics and Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.

==References==
<references>
<ref name="pmid:1"> Ni Jun, Wang Gaohang, Zhu Zhenxing et.al . OsIAA23-mediated auxin signaling defines postembryonic maintenance of QC in rice.''The Plant Journal''(2011) 38, 433–442.</ref>
<ref name="pmid:2"> Yaling Song,Jun You,Lizhong Xiong. Characterization of OsIAA1 gene, a member of rice Aux/IAA family involved in auxin and brassinosteroid hormone responses and plant morphogenesis. ''Plant Mol Biol''(2009) 70:297–309.</ref>
<ref name="pmid:3"> Thakur JK, Tyagi AK, Khurana JP.OsIAA1, an Aux/IAA cDNA from rice, and changes in its expression as influenced by auxin and light.''DNA Res''(2001) 8:193–203.</ref>
<ref name="pmid:4"> Mukesh Jain, Navneet Kaur, Rohini Garg et.al. Structure and expression analysis of early auxin-responsive ''Aux/IAA'' gene family in rice (Oryza sativa).''Funct Integr Genomics''(2006) 6: 47–59.</ref>
<references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os06g0597000|
Description = Similar to Auxin responsive protein IAA-Re|
Version = NM_001064521.1 GI:115468773 GeneID:4341432|
Length = 1519 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os06g0597000, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 6|Chromosome 6]]|
AP = Chromosome 6:24378976..24380494|
CDS = 24379095..24379270,24379356..24379676,24379766..24379827,24379946..24379968|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008399:24378976..24380494
source=RiceChromosome06
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008399:24378976..24380494
source=RiceChromosome06
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtcgacgagctccggcgccgactcgtccccgcccgtctcgggcctcgactacgacgacaccgccctcaccctcgccctccccggctcctcctcctcctcctcctccaccgccgaccccgaacgcaagcgcgccgcccacgccgaccacgccgacgccaagccgccttccccaaaggcgcgggcggtggggtggccgccggtgagggcgtacaggcggaacgcgctgcgggaggactccgcgagggcgaagctggtcaaggtggccgtggacggcgcgccgtacctgcgcaaggtggacctcgcggcgcacgccggctacgcgcccctcctccgcgcgctccacggcatgttcgcctcctgcctcgccgtccgcggcggcggcggcggcgacggcgagggtacaaagctcgtcgacttggtcaccggcgccgagtacgtgcccacctacgaggacaaggacggcgactggatgctcgtcggcgacgtcccctggaagatgttcgtcgagtcctgcaagcggatccgtctcatgaagagctccgaggccgtcaacttatcgccaagacgatcatccagataa</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTSSGADSSPPVSGLDYDDTALTLALPGSSSSSSSTADPERKR AAHADHADAKPPSPKARAVGWPPVRAYRRNALREDSARAKLVKVAVDGAPYLRKVDLA AHAGYAPLLRALHGMFASCLAVRGGGGGDGEGTKLVDLVTGAEYVPTYEDKDGDWMLV GDVPWKMFVESCKRIRLMKSSEAVNLSPRRSSR</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>120..295#381..701#791..852#971..993#accaccacacccctcgtctccgcaaactcgacgcgccactcgacagcgaccccgcagccgatccatcccgccgccgaagcagcagcaaccgccacggtgcgccgccgccgccggtaccgatgtcgacgagctccggcgccgactcgtccccgcccgtctcgggcctcgactacgacgacaccgccctcaccctcgccctccccggctcctcctcctcctcctcctccaccgccgaccccgaacgcaagcgcgccgcccacgccgaccacgccgacgccaagccgccttccccaaagtacgtatagcttatgctctctttatggagattcctacgttcccgcgggtttctgacctggcgatcgatcgatgcgtgtgcgcagggcgcgggcggtggggtggccgccggtgagggcgtacaggcggaacgcgctgcgggaggactccgcgagggcgaagctggtcaaggtggccgtggacggcgcgccgtacctgcgcaaggtggacctcgcggcgcacgccggctacgcgcccctcctccgcgcgctccacggcatgttcgcctcctgcctcgccgtccgcggcggcggcggcggcgacggcgagggtacaaagctcgtcgacttggtcaccggcgccgagtacgtgcccacctacgaggacaaggacggcgactggatgctcgtcggcgacgtcccctggaagtaagcaacgcgtgtacacatctcaatcagttcttgccgattaattcaccgaaatcaaatgcaaaatctgatccgatcaatcaacacaggatgttcgtcgagtcctgcaagcggatccgtctcatgaagagctccgaggccgtcaacttatgtaagaacttgcgatccaatccactataataatccaataacattacattaccaactatactaattactgcaacgatcgatgagtgaatgacatttcgattctgaattttttgatgcagcgccaagacgatcatccagataatcgatcctaccacacgcaacgatgcaatgccgcaattgatctgtctgtctgtctgtctgtctgaattagttcgtctgaaagtgtgtgcaatggaagaggcttggctgtacaggtcctccatgcatatgtacctataccgtagtaggatcagtgatcgatgagccaaattggtgtgtgtactgtacaggccacaagaacgaaaatatcctctctctttaattcaggtgtgctccctgctgccggatcacggccggcccggtttggtttttggacgacggcggcgaggatcgatccaagggaggcgccgccacgccgccgcggcggtgtactttaattttcaagttgtcagctactttctgtaatttgtttcatgatggttcggtttcctgtgacagccagcacttttgttgtatgtcaaatgcaatgtatacatgatataccggttgttatcgttgttgttgctgttgttgactttgttctgtccattgatgcattgcaaggtcaaatataggagcacaataatctg</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001064521.1 RefSeq:Os06g0597000]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 6]]
[[Category:Chromosome 6]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-19T14:27:36Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.Transgenic modification to
''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture. A, Expression of ''Cga1'' in the selected transgenic lines compared with wild-type Kaybonnet controls (Wt-Kay) measured using qRT-PCR. B, Preflowering transgenic ''OsCga1'' lines at 60 d after germination exhibit differences in plant architecture. C, Chlorophyll at young (third leaf) and late (flag leaf) stages of development (n = 36+; *P < 0.05). D, Height of mature transgenic plants (n = 40; *P > 0.05). E, Mature transgenic plants (150 d after germination) compared with the wild type. F, Number of flowering tillers (n = 80; *P < 0.05).

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os06g0597000

2014-05-19T14:20:17Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os10g0445400

2014-05-19T14:12:58Z

Lymzzu2009:

OsHCI1 encodes a RING finger E3 ligases, which is specifically induced by heat and cold stress. OsHCI1 can drive nuclear export of multiple protein substrate, and the heterologous overexpression of Arabidopsis can enhance acquired-thermotolerance.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

OsHCI1 (Oryza sativa Heat and Cold Induced 1) encodes a 246-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 28.8kDa and harbours a single RING-HC domain in its C-terminal region. It is a rice RING domain E3 ligase, and is highly induced under heat and cold stress conditions, which can lead to adverse outcomes in plant cell functions, including alterations in cellular composition of membrane fluidity and permeability, enzyme activity, metabolism, production of active oxygen species, and gene expression<ref name="pmid:7641806" /><ref name="pmid:11525514" /><ref name="pmid:11842171" /><ref name="pmid:15128028" /><ref name="pmid:15923322" />.

OsHCI1 dynamically moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus along cytoskeletal tracts under heat shock conditions. OsHCI1 interacts with six substrate proteins and mediates subcellular trafficking of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm via monoubiquitination.

Arabidopsis overexpressing OsHCI1-EYFP exhibits a heat-tolerant phenotype, suggesting an important role of this protein in the regulation of heat-generated signals in plants.

===Expression===

The finding that OsHCI1 gene expression patterns are specifically and somewhat rapidly increased by heat and cold stresses but not by salt and drought stresses indicates that the gene is associated closely with thermal stress in rice. And OsHCI1 rapidly responds to hormone treatments,too. (Fig.1)

[[File:图片1.jpg]]

Fig.1. Expression levels of OsHCl1 in rice plants subjected to four abiotic stresses and four hormonal treatments.

A Y2H screen was performed to identify 6 proteins that interact with OsHCI1. To confirm these positive interactions with OsHCI1, full-length coding sequences of the top six genes, which exhibited strong α-galactosidase activity, were cloned into GAL4 activation domain, respectively. Full-length OsHCI1 and each interacting protein were co-transformed into the Y2H Gold strain and grown on QDO/X/A medium(Fig.2).

[[File:图片2.jpg]]

Fig2.Identification of OsHCI1 interaction with six proteins.

These results suggest that heat shock results in high expression of the OsHCI1 transcript or protein, which can affect the transcript levels of its interacting genes.

[[File:图片3.jpg]]

Fig3. Expression patterns of the response of interacting protein genes with OsHCI1 under heat treatment.

===Localization ===

BiFC technology was employed to visualize the interactions between OsHCI1 and each of the interaction partners in living cells <ref name="pmid:21356813" />. Full-length coding sequences of OsHCI1 and each of the six interacting protein genes were cloned into the 35S-HA-SPYCE(M) and 35S-c-myc-SPYNE(R)173 vectors, respectively. All of the YFP signals except that of OsPSA7 appeared to associate with the cytoplasm and nucleus; however, the OsPGLU1-, OsbHLH065-, and OsGRP1-DsRed2 alone protein signals were detected only in the nucleus (Fig. 4B–D). In contrast, the OsHCI1 BiFC complex with OsPSA7 was localized to the cytoplasm with a punctuate complex (Fig. 5).

[[File:图片4.jpg]] [[File:图片5.jpg]]

Fig. 4. Subcellular localization of six interacting proteins. Fig.5. BiFC assay for six substrate proteins confirms the interaction with OsHCI1 in living cells.

===Wild type vs. Mutant ===

Several independent Arabidopsis transgenic lines (T3) were developed with strong OsHCI1 gene expression and compared to plants without the gene (35S:EYFP), which served as controls. The OsHCI1-overexpressing lines showed strikingly high survival rates; however, most control plants did not recover (Fig. 6).

[[File:图片6.jpg]]

Fig. 6. Thermotolerance phenotype of 35S:OsHCI1-EYFP

==Labs working on this gene==

1.Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, Korea.

==References==

<references>
<ref name="pmid:7641806"> Kampinga HH, Brunsting JF, Stege GJ, Burgman PW, Konings AW. 1995. Thermal protein denaturation and protein aggregation in cells made thermotolerant by various chemicals: role of heat shock proteins. Experimental Cell Research 219, 536–546. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:11525514"> Alfonso M, Yruela I, Almarcegui S, Torrado E, Perez MA, Picorel R. 2001. Unusual tolerance to high temperatures in a new herbicide-resistant D1 mutant from Glycine max (L.) Merr. cell cultures deficient in fatty acid desaturation. Planta 212, 573–582. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:11842171"> Larkindale J, Knight MR. 2002. Protection against heat stress-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis involves calcium, abscisic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid. Plant Physiology 128, 682–695. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:15128028"> Larkindale J, Huang B. 2004. Thermotolerance and antioxidant systems in Agrostis stolonifera: involvement of salicylic acid, abscisic acid, calcium, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene. Journal of Plant Physiology 161, 405–413. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:15923322"> Larkindale J, Hall JD, Knight MR, Vierling E. 2005. Heat stress phenotypes of Arabidopsis mutants implicate multiple signaling pathways in the acquisition of thermotolerance. Plant Physiology 138, 882–897. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os10g0445400|
Description = Zinc finger, RING-type domain containing protein|
Version = NM_001071244.2 GI:297610563 GeneID:4348743|
Length = 2212 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os10g0445400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 10|Chromosome 10]]|
AP = Chromosome 10:16541690..16543901|
CDS = 16541849..16542062,16542867..16543089,16543187..16543253,16543374..16543610|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSCEFFLPSPVAARGRWWWWGVCVWFISLFCRASEFLRDYDGAV IQMRMAYSAVAHFLVQWIDCKLAGALGLLKIMIYKVYADGTTALPEWEREASIRQFYG VIFPSLLQLPSGITELDDRKQRRLCLQKFRKVEERVSEVDLERELECGICLEVNAKIV LPDCAHSLCMRCFEDWNTKSKSCPFCRACLKKVNPSSLWLYTDDRDVVDMDTLTRENI RRLFMFISKLPLVVLHVVDLDIYEYRIK</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>1840..2053#813..1035#649..715#292..528#ggggctcggattagagttggactcggcaacgcgacgagcaccaaaagcgagggaagaaaaccaatccgaatccggagagagaagcgcaggaggcaaaatccactccaattcaacccaatcacccgcggcgagccgagcgggcggcggagcacgacgacgacgaggtttaggtaggggttcttggcttgtcggcgtcggcggcggcggcggcggaggaggaggaggagtcagcgatgcggaggaggttccaggactccgtcaaggccctcgaggccgacatcgagcacgccaatgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtctcgcccacacccccgcgccatcgccaattcgcagctgatttctcaccggctgggtaactaactaactaactaactaactaactaatcaccgggttcttgctggtaaatcgaatgcaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtactactactcaatcgcaaccatctcctaacaacaagaacacgagcgattcaatttcatggttgtgatttctcaaattttttttgggtcgctgcaggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggtaatttgccctcctccttcccctttaatttcccctctccttacattttcgcgcatgcgccaacacaaacatagagatattaggtactatcaattgttcatgttagaatcaaatatagctgttgcgtgctctaggagacaaaatttcgtttacctgaatgtggtgttcaagaaagagagaaaaagattacctttgccatatattggctggttgtgttcctcaggatgtaaagtcagttgtaaatctcctgcacttctgatagagtaccacaatgccctctccacagagtctttaaccatcttcatgcatcaagatgtagtccatccaatcaaacctgcatccagaatgactttatttataactgcagcaaacattctattgaactatgtcctgctcttgagcaggtaataacttattgatgtaaaagaagtaggcaaatagtcacaaaatgaactatatcatagatcggttgcatgatgctcctccaaaatacaaacctctgtatctggtaacaattctcaccttggttgaaggttacacacgcgcacacacagtctttgcatactctcttatgctgttagaaaactatgttgttctcagttcattgtatggttgacttcactttccttatagtcaatcctaagttgagagtgaatcattaaccactccttgtcagcaagcacaacaagatctgcaaccttgtccgtactcttcctacttgccgaggcgttcacttcgtctgatgcatgaatctgatcgaattccgtgggccatttaacgaaatttggcttgtcacatatgcaggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtgaaactgtactcttttgttcataccggtgggtctctgtacatatcaaattcatcggtgctgatctgtgatagctcaacctgaggctgcaaattagcagagttgtttgtagctcaacgagttgataatatttttgtgaaaagaagatgctgaagtgtactcc</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001071244.2 RefSeq:Os10g0445400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 10]]
[[Category:Chromosome 10]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-18T13:20:05Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, America

Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, America

Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, America

Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, America

Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, America

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-18T12:54:07Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1lym.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2lym.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure3lym.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park,North Carolina

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

File:Figure3lym.jpg

2014-05-18T12:52:55Z

Lymzzu2009:

File:Figure2lym.jpg

2014-05-18T12:52:34Z

Lymzzu2009:

File:Figure1lym.jpg

2014-05-18T12:52:14Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:42:51Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="p7" />.

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="p7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="p7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park,North Carolina

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:41:02Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="p4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="p4" /><ref name="p5" /><ref name="p6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="p7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="7" />.

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park,North Carolina

==References==

<references>
<ref name="p1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="p2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="p3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="p4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="p5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="p6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="p7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:34:20Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="1" /><ref name="2" /><ref name="3" /><ref name="4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="4" /><ref name="5" /><ref name="6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="7" />.

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park,North Carolina

==References==

<references>
<ref name="1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:32:35Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="1" /><ref name="2" /><ref name="3" /><ref name="4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="4" /><ref name="5" /><ref name="6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="7" />.

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park,North Carolina

==References==

<references>
<ref name="1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="7"> Hudson, D., Guevara, D. R., Hand, A. J., Xu, Z., Hao, L., Chen, X., Zhu, T., Bi, Y. M., and Rothstein, S. J. (2013). Rice cytokinin GATA transcription Factor1 regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture. Plant physiology 162, 132-144. </ref>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:30:30Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (''CGA1/GNL'') transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="1" /><ref name="2" /><ref name="3" /><ref name="4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of ''CGA1'' have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="4" /><ref name="5" /><ref name="6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (Figure1).

[[File:Figure1.jpg]]

Figure 1. Transgenic modification to ''Cga1'' expression alters chlorophyll content and plant architecture<ref name="7" />.

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (Figure1, 2).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 2. Cga1 expression influences starch content and grain production<ref name="7" />.

Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.

Altering expression of the rice homolog to the ''FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ)'' gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.

Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===

Rice tissues and patterns of expression for Cga1 were analyzed and established in wild-type Kaybonnet rice. Cga1 exhibited the strongest expression in green leaf tissue, with little and no expression in roots and floral organs, respectively (Figure3A).

The expression of Cga1 following a number of treatments was also analyzed. Differences in Cga1 expression throughout the course of the day was also observed. (Figure3B). Light was found to significantly increase Cga1 expression, whereas periods of darkness reduced expression (Figure3, B and C). Cga1 was highly upregulated (approximately 5-fold) by the synthetic cytokinin benzyladenine (BA; figure3C). Nitrate (NO3 -) also significantly increased Cga1 expression, although to a lesser extent than BA (Figure3C).

[[File:Figure2.jpg]]

Figure 3. Expression of rice ''Cga1''(Os02g12790)<ref name="7" />.

===Subcellular Localization===

Nucleus

==Labs working on this gene==

Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Syngenta Biotechnology, Inc., Research Triangle Park,North Carolina

==References==

<references>
<ref name="1"> Reyes JC, Muro-Pastor MI, Florencio FJ (2004) The GATA family of transcription factors in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 134: 1718–1732.</ref>
<ref name="2"> Kiba T, Naitou T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Sakakibara H, Mizuno T (2005) Combinatorial microarray analysis revealing Arabidopsis genes implicated in cytokinin responses through the His→Asp phosphorelay circuitry. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 339–355. </ref>
<ref name="3"> Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T (2007) Characterization of a unique GATA family gene that responds to both light and cytokinin in
Arabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1557–1560. </ref>
<ref name="4"> Mara CD, Irish VF (2008) Two GATA transcription factors are downstream effectors of floral homeotic gene action in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 147: 707–718. </ref>
<ref name="5"> Richter R, Behringer C, Müller IK, Schwechheimer C (2010) The GATAtype transcription factors GNC and GNL/CGA1 repress gibberellin signaling downstream from DELLA proteins and PHYTOCHROMEINTERACTING FACTORS. Genes Dev 24: 2093–2104. </ref>
<ref name="6"> Hudson D, Guevara D, Yaish MW, Hannam C, Long N, Clarke JD, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ (2011) GNC and CGA1 modulate chlorophyll biosynthesis and glutamate synthase (GLU1/Fd-GOGAT) expression in Arabidopsis. PLoS ONE 6: e26765. </ref>
<ref name="7">

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:19:05Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:17:01Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:15:40Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T16:07:19Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T15:57:45Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T15:42:11Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (CGA1/GNL) transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="1" /><ref name="2" /><ref name="3" /><ref name="4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of CGA1 have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="1" /><ref name="5" /><ref name="6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (figure1).

[[File:Figure1.jpg]]

Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (figure1, 2).
Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.
Altering expression of the rice homolog to the FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ) gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.
Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===
Please input expression information here.

===Evolution===
Please input evolution information here.

You can also add sub-section(s) at will.

==Labs working on this gene==
Please input related labs here.

==References==
Please input cited references here.

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T15:41:27Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (CGA1/GNL) transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="1" /><ref name="2" /><ref name="3" /><ref name="4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of CGA1 have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="1" /><ref name="5" /><ref name="6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="7" />.

===Mutations===

Transgenic rice with altered expression of Cga1 exhibits differences in chlorophyll, chloroplast number, and starch content, which has also been reported in Arabidopsis. However, we also observed a dosage-dependent influence on phenotype, with strong overexpression causing a semidwarf phenotype, similar to the GA mutant Green Revolution varieties (figure1).
[[File:Figure1.jpg]]
Novel evidence was presented that altering Cga1 expression in rice significantly influences tillering, biomass, and yield (figure1, 2).
Changes are demonstrated in the expression of important nucleus-encoded, chloroplast-localized genes involved in chlorophyll binding, photosynthesis, and amino acid and starch biosynthesis in the Cga1 transgenics.
Altering expression of the rice homolog to the FILAMENTOUS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE-Z (FtsZ) gene involved in chloroplast division provides a potential mechanism for controlling chloroplast number.
Growing the transgenic lines under different N conditions indicates that Cga1 is able to maintain chloroplast development under reduced N conditions, leading to an increased harvest index despite reduced plant size.

===Expression===
Please input expression information here.

===Evolution===
Please input evolution information here.

You can also add sub-section(s) at will.

==Labs working on this gene==
Please input related labs here.

==References==
Please input cited references here.

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

File:Figure3.jpg

2014-05-13T15:37:37Z

Lymzzu2009:

File:Figure2.jpg

2014-05-13T15:37:20Z

Lymzzu2009:

File:Figure1.jpg

2014-05-13T15:36:56Z

Lymzzu2009:

Os02g0220400

2014-05-13T15:35:33Z

Lymzzu2009:

The CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1/GNC-like (CGA1/GNL) transcription factor was originally identified in Arabidopsis (At4g26150) due to rapidly increased expression following cytokinin application and similarity to a paralogous gene produced through genome duplication<ref name="1" /><ref name="2" /><ref name="3" /><ref name="4" />.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

Transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered expression of CGA1 have been shown to exhibit differences in germination, chlorophyll content, chloroplast number, leaf size, flowering time, and senescence<ref name="1" /><ref name="5" /><ref name="6" />. This includes recent reports showing that ectopic overexpression promotes chloroplast biogenesis in cells where they are not typically found. These data indicate that GNC and CGA1 function as key transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

A new research demonstrates that the conserved GATA transcription factor Cga1 (Os02g12790) regulates chloroplast development and plant architecture in rice (Oryza sativa)<ref name="7" />.

===Mutations===

===Expression===
Please input expression information here.

===Evolution===
Please input evolution information here.

You can also add sub-section(s) at will.

==Labs working on this gene==
Please input related labs here.

==References==
Please input cited references here.

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0220400|
Description = Similar to GATA transcription factor 16|
Version = NM_001052851.1 GI:115445072 GeneID:4328751|
Length = 1681 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0220400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:6734753..6736433|
CDS = 6734994..6735464,6735659..6736039,6736187..6736396|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:6734753..6736433
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSTIYMSQLPATLPLMEGDQDQGLYPAFHRAKDPPILFPFMIDS AVEHQGQIYGDQGLRRQQVLGESNQQFNDHMMMGGSDVFLTPSPFRPTIQSIGSDMIQ RSSYDPYDIESNNKQHANGSTSKWMSTPPMKMRIIRKGAATDPEGGAVRKPRRRAQAH QDESQQQLQQALGVVRVCSDCNTTKTPLWRSGPCGPKSLCNACGIRQRKARRAMAAAA NGGAAVAPAKSVAAAPVNNKPAAKKEKRAADVDRSLPFKKRCKMVDHVAAAVAATKPT AAGEVVAAAPKDQDHVIVVGGENAAATSMPAQNPISKAAATAAAAAASPAFFHGLPRD EITDAAMLLMTLSCGLVHS</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>970..1440#395..775#38..247#cttctctcccatctctttcctcctcctcctctctgatatgtctactatctacatgagccagctacctgctactctccctctaatggagggggatcaggatcaggggctctacccagccttccatagagcaaaggaccctcctatcttgttccctttcatgatcgacagcgccgtcgagcaccaagggcaaatctatggagatcagggcttgaggaggcagcaggttttgggtgaatccaatcaacaggtgaggggatcgatcacatacatgtgtagaacaagctagctacttatacacatgtagatcagtgcttctttcttagtatatatgctgcttgccctaataattttagcttatactcctcttctttttctcttttttttgctcttgcagttcaatgatcacatgatgatgggcggatcagatgtcttcctcacaccgtctccgttccgaccaaccatccaaagcatcggcagcgacatgatccagcgatcatcttatgatccatacgatatcgagagtaacaacaagcagcatgccaatggatcaaccagcaagtggatgtcgacgccgccaatgaagatgaggatcataaggaagggggcggcaaccgatcctgagggcggggcggtgagaaagccaaggagaagagcacaagcgcaccaggatgagagccagcaacaactgcagcaagctttgggtgtcgttagagtgtgctcggactgcaacaccaccaagacccccttgtggagaagtggtccttgtggccccaaggtgagatttacttgctcttacacccctattaacaactgcccaaactcatgtgttgatctgtctgtctgggtgctatatgctaccttactatgtgcattttctctttgttttgttacaccagatcatcatgcatatgttaaagattgttgatttccttggtttaaattgtgtgttgtgctatgcatatggtgcagtccctttgcaacgcgtgtggcatcaggcaaaggaaggcgcggcgggcgatggccgctgctgccaacggcggagcggcggtggcgccggcaaagagcgtggccgcggcgccggtgaacaataagccggcggcgaagaaggagaagagggcggcggacgtcgaccggtcgctgccgttcaagaaacggtgcaagatggtcgatcacgttgctgctgccgtcgctgccaccaagcccacggctgctggagaagtagtggccgccgctccgaaggaccaagatcacgtcatcgtcgtcggtggcgagaacgccgccgccacctccatgccggcacagaacccgatatccaaggcggcggcgaccgccgctgccgccgccgcctctccggcgttcttccacggcctccctcgcgacgagatcaccgacgccgccatgctgctcatgaccctatcctgtggcctcgtccacagctagctagctagctgatcaaaactagctagctactagtaccgttaatttgatgagggcaacaaccagagtactatgtaccactactagcaatattttgtgtgtgccttgtgatcttttgttgttttgtgttgttgaggagatcactagatcaggatgaaggagagatagtgatcacatgtctaaggacgaaataaacgagaacaaactcgctagctagctactagccgggatcaggattatattt</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052851.1 RefSeq:Os02g0220400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os10g0445400

2014-05-13T15:18:28Z

Lymzzu2009: /* Expression */

OsHCI1 encodes a RING finger E3 ligases, which is specifically induced by heat and cold stress. OsHCI1 can drive nuclear export of multiple protein substrate, and the heterologous overexpression of Arabidopsis can enhance acquired-thermotolerance.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

OsHCI1 (Oryza sativa Heat and Cold Induced 1) encodes a 246-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 28.8kDa and harbours a single RING-HC domain in its C-terminal region. It is a rice RING domain E3 ligase, and is highly induced under heat and cold stress conditions, which can lead to adverse outcomes in plant cell functions, including alterations in cellular composition of membrane fluidity and permeability, enzyme activity, metabolism, production of active oxygen species, and gene expression<ref name="pmid:7641806" /><ref name="pmid:11525514" /><ref name="pmid:11842171" /><ref name="pmid:15128028" /><ref name="pmid:15923322" />.

OsHCI1 dynamically moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus along cytoskeletal tracts under heat shock conditions. OsHCI1 interacts with six substrate proteins and mediates subcellular trafficking of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm via monoubiquitination.

Arabidopsis overexpressing OsHCI1-EYFP exhibits a heat-tolerant phenotype, suggesting an important role of this protein in the regulation of heat-generated signals in plants.

===Expression===

The finding that OsHCI1 gene expression patterns are specifically and somewhat rapidly increased by heat and cold stresses but not by salt and drought stresses indicates that the gene is associated closely with thermal stress in rice. And OsHCI1 rapidly responds to hormone treatments,too. (Fig.1)

[[File:图片1.jpg]]

Fig.1. Expression levels of OsHCl1 in rice plants subjected to four abiotic stresses and four hormonal treatments.

A Y2H screen was performed to identify 6 proteins that interact with OsHCI1. To confirm these positive interactions with OsHCI1, full-length coding sequences of the top six genes, which exhibited strong α-galactosidase activity, were cloned into GAL4 activation domain, respectively. Full-length OsHCI1 and each interacting protein were co-transformed into the Y2H Gold strain and grown on QDO/X/A medium(Fig.2).

[[File:图片2.jpg]]

Fig2.Identification of OsHCI1 interaction with six proteins.

This study also examined the expression patterns of the interacting partner genes with OsHCI1 under two different heat stresses via semi-quantitative RT-PCR with rice seedlings treated by basal or acquired heat shock treatments (Fig.3). These results suggest that heat shock results in high expression of the OsHCI1 transcript or protein, which can affect the transcript levels of its interacting genes.

[[File:图片3.jpg]]

Fig3. Expression patterns of the response of interacting protein genes with OsHCI1 under heat treatment.

===Localization ===

BiFC technology was employed to visualize the interactions between OsHCI1 and each of the interaction partners in living cells <ref name="pmid:21356813" />. Full-length coding sequences of OsHCI1 and each of the six interacting protein genes were cloned into the 35S-HA-SPYCE(M) and 35S-c-myc-SPYNE(R)173 vectors, respectively. All of the YFP signals except that of OsPSA7 appeared to associate with the cytoplasm and nucleus; however, the OsPGLU1-, OsbHLH065-, and OsGRP1-DsRed2 alone protein signals were detected only in the nucleus (Fig. 4B–D). In contrast, the OsHCI1 BiFC complex with OsPSA7 was localized to the cytoplasm with a punctuate complex (Fig. 5).

[[File:图片4.jpg]] [[File:图片5.jpg]]

Fig. 4. Subcellular localization of six interacting proteins. Fig.5. BiFC assay for six substrate proteins confirms the interaction with OsHCI1 in living cells.

===Wild type vs. Mutant ===

Several independent Arabidopsis transgenic lines (T3) were developed with strong OsHCI1 gene expression and compared to plants without the gene (35S:EYFP), which served as controls. The OsHCI1-overexpressing lines showed strikingly high survival rates; however, most control plants did not recover (Fig. 6).

[[File:图片6.jpg]]

Fig. 6. Thermotolerance phenotype of 35S:OsHCI1-EYFP

==Labs working on this gene==

1.Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, Korea.

==References==

<references>
<ref name="pmid:7641806"> Kampinga HH, Brunsting JF, Stege GJ, Burgman PW, Konings AW. 1995. Thermal protein denaturation and protein aggregation in cells made thermotolerant by various chemicals: role of heat shock proteins. Experimental Cell Research 219, 536–546. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:11525514"> Alfonso M, Yruela I, Almarcegui S, Torrado E, Perez MA, Picorel R. 2001. Unusual tolerance to high temperatures in a new herbicide-resistant D1 mutant from Glycine max (L.) Merr. cell cultures deficient in fatty acid desaturation. Planta 212, 573–582. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:11842171"> Larkindale J, Knight MR. 2002. Protection against heat stress-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis involves calcium, abscisic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid. Plant Physiology 128, 682–695. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:15128028"> Larkindale J, Huang B. 2004. Thermotolerance and antioxidant systems in Agrostis stolonifera: involvement of salicylic acid, abscisic acid, calcium, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene. Journal of Plant Physiology 161, 405–413. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:15923322"> Larkindale J, Hall JD, Knight MR, Vierling E. 2005. Heat stress phenotypes of Arabidopsis mutants implicate multiple signaling pathways in the acquisition of thermotolerance. Plant Physiology 138, 882–897. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:21356813"> Waadt R, Kudla J . 2008. In planta visualization of protein interactions using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). CSH Protocols 2008, pdb prot4995. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os10g0445400|
Description = Zinc finger, RING-type domain containing protein|
Version = NM_001071244.2 GI:297610563 GeneID:4348743|
Length = 2212 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os10g0445400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 10|Chromosome 10]]|
AP = Chromosome 10:16541690..16543901|
CDS = 16541849..16542062,16542867..16543089,16543187..16543253,16543374..16543610|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSCEFFLPSPVAARGRWWWWGVCVWFISLFCRASEFLRDYDGAV IQMRMAYSAVAHFLVQWIDCKLAGALGLLKIMIYKVYADGTTALPEWEREASIRQFYG VIFPSLLQLPSGITELDDRKQRRLCLQKFRKVEERVSEVDLERELECGICLEVNAKIV LPDCAHSLCMRCFEDWNTKSKSCPFCRACLKKVNPSSLWLYTDDRDVVDMDTLTRENI RRLFMFISKLPLVVLHVVDLDIYEYRIK</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>1840..2053#813..1035#649..715#292..528#ggggctcggattagagttggactcggcaacgcgacgagcaccaaaagcgagggaagaaaaccaatccgaatccggagagagaagcgcaggaggcaaaatccactccaattcaacccaatcacccgcggcgagccgagcgggcggcggagcacgacgacgacgaggtttaggtaggggttcttggcttgtcggcgtcggcggcggcggcggcggaggaggaggaggagtcagcgatgcggaggaggttccaggactccgtcaaggccctcgaggccgacatcgagcacgccaatgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtctcgcccacacccccgcgccatcgccaattcgcagctgatttctcaccggctgggtaactaactaactaactaactaactaactaatcaccgggttcttgctggtaaatcgaatgcaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtactactactcaatcgcaaccatctcctaacaacaagaacacgagcgattcaatttcatggttgtgatttctcaaattttttttgggtcgctgcaggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggtaatttgccctcctccttcccctttaatttcccctctccttacattttcgcgcatgcgccaacacaaacatagagatattaggtactatcaattgttcatgttagaatcaaatatagctgttgcgtgctctaggagacaaaatttcgtttacctgaatgtggtgttcaagaaagagagaaaaagattacctttgccatatattggctggttgtgttcctcaggatgtaaagtcagttgtaaatctcctgcacttctgatagagtaccacaatgccctctccacagagtctttaaccatcttcatgcatcaagatgtagtccatccaatcaaacctgcatccagaatgactttatttataactgcagcaaacattctattgaactatgtcctgctcttgagcaggtaataacttattgatgtaaaagaagtaggcaaatagtcacaaaatgaactatatcatagatcggttgcatgatgctcctccaaaatacaaacctctgtatctggtaacaattctcaccttggttgaaggttacacacgcgcacacacagtctttgcatactctcttatgctgttagaaaactatgttgttctcagttcattgtatggttgacttcactttccttatagtcaatcctaagttgagagtgaatcattaaccactccttgtcagcaagcacaacaagatctgcaaccttgtccgtactcttcctacttgccgaggcgttcacttcgtctgatgcatgaatctgatcgaattccgtgggccatttaacgaaatttggcttgtcacatatgcaggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtgaaactgtactcttttgttcataccggtgggtctctgtacatatcaaattcatcggtgctgatctgtgatagctcaacctgaggctgcaaattagcagagttgtttgtagctcaacgagttgataatatttttgtgaaaagaagatgctgaagtgtactcc</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001071244.2 RefSeq:Os10g0445400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 10]]
[[Category:Chromosome 10]]

Os10g0445400

2014-05-13T14:39:01Z

Lymzzu2009:

OsHCI1 encodes a RING finger E3 ligases, which is specifically induced by heat and cold stress. OsHCI1 can drive nuclear export of multiple protein substrate, and the heterologous overexpression of Arabidopsis can enhance acquired-thermotolerance.

==Annotated Information==

===Function===

OsHCI1 (Oryza sativa Heat and Cold Induced 1) encodes a 246-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 28.8kDa and harbours a single RING-HC domain in its C-terminal region. It is a rice RING domain E3 ligase, and is highly induced under heat and cold stress conditions, which can lead to adverse outcomes in plant cell functions, including alterations in cellular composition of membrane fluidity and permeability, enzyme activity, metabolism, production of active oxygen species, and gene expression<ref name="pmid:7641806" /><ref name="pmid:11525514" /><ref name="pmid:11842171" /><ref name="pmid:15128028" /><ref name="pmid:15923322" />.

OsHCI1 dynamically moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus along cytoskeletal tracts under heat shock conditions. OsHCI1 interacts with six substrate proteins and mediates subcellular trafficking of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm via monoubiquitination.

Arabidopsis overexpressing OsHCI1-EYFP exhibits a heat-tolerant phenotype, suggesting an important role of this protein in the regulation of heat-generated signals in plants.

===Expression===

The finding that OsHCI1 gene expression patterns are specifically and somewhat rapidly increased by heat and cold stresses but not by salt and drought stresses indicates that the gene is associated closely with thermal stress in rice. And OsHCI1 rapidly responds to hormone treatments,too. (Fig.1)

[[File:图片1.jpg]]

Fig.1. Expression levels of OsHCl1 in rice plants subjected to four abiotic stresses and four hormonal treatments.

A Y2H screen was performed to identify 6 proteins that interact with OsHCI1. To confirm these positive interactions with OsHCI1, full-length coding sequences of the top six genes, which exhibited strong α-galactosidase activity, were cloned into GAL4 activation domain, respectively. Full-length OsHCI1 and each interacting protein were co-transformed into the Y2H Gold strain and grown on QDO/X/A medium(Fig.2).

[[File:图片2.jpg]]

Fig2.Identification of OsHCI1 interaction with six proteins.

This study also examined the expression patterns of the interacting partner genes with OsHCI1 under two different heat stresses via semi-quantitative RT-PCR with rice seedlings treated by basal or acquired heat shock treatments (Fig.3). These results suggest that heat shock results in high expression of the OsHCI1 transcript or protein, which can affect the transcript levels of its interacting genes.

[[File:图片3.jpg]]

Fig3. Expression patterns of the response of interacting protein genes with OsHCI1 under heat treatment.

===Localization ===

BiFC technology was employed to visualize the interactions between OsHCI1 and each of the interaction partners in living cells <ref name="pmid:21356813" />. Full-length coding sequences of OsHCI1 and each of the six interacting protein genes were cloned into the 35S-HA-SPYCE(M) and 35S-c-myc-SPYNE(R)173 vectors, respectively. All of the YFP signals except that of OsPSA7 appeared to associate with the cytoplasm and nucleus; however, the OsPGLU1-, OsbHLH065-, and OsGRP1-DsRed2 alone protein signals were detected only in the nucleus (Fig. 4B–D). In contrast, the OsHCI1 BiFC complex with OsPSA7 was localized to the cytoplasm with a punctuate complex (Fig. 5).

[[File:图片4.jpg]] [[File:图片5.jpg]]

Fig. 4. Subcellular localization of six interacting proteins. Fig.5. BiFC assay for six substrate proteins confirms the interaction with OsHCI1 in living cells.

===Wild type vs. Mutant ===

Several independent Arabidopsis transgenic lines (T3) were developed with strong OsHCI1 gene expression and compared to plants without the gene (35S:EYFP), which served as controls. The OsHCI1-overexpressing lines showed strikingly high survival rates; however, most control plants did not recover (Fig. 6).

[[File:图片6.jpg]]

Fig. 6. Thermotolerance phenotype of 35S:OsHCI1-EYFP

==Labs working on this gene==

1.Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, Korea.

==References==

<references>
<ref name="pmid:7641806"> Kampinga HH, Brunsting JF, Stege GJ, Burgman PW, Konings AW. 1995. Thermal protein denaturation and protein aggregation in cells made thermotolerant by various chemicals: role of heat shock proteins. Experimental Cell Research 219, 536–546. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:11525514"> Alfonso M, Yruela I, Almarcegui S, Torrado E, Perez MA, Picorel R. 2001. Unusual tolerance to high temperatures in a new herbicide-resistant D1 mutant from Glycine max (L.) Merr. cell cultures deficient in fatty acid desaturation. Planta 212, 573–582. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:11842171"> Larkindale J, Knight MR. 2002. Protection against heat stress-induced oxidative damage in Arabidopsis involves calcium, abscisic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid. Plant Physiology 128, 682–695. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:15128028"> Larkindale J, Huang B. 2004. Thermotolerance and antioxidant systems in Agrostis stolonifera: involvement of salicylic acid, abscisic acid, calcium, hydrogen peroxide, and ethylene. Journal of Plant Physiology 161, 405–413. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:15923322"> Larkindale J, Hall JD, Knight MR, Vierling E. 2005. Heat stress phenotypes of Arabidopsis mutants implicate multiple signaling pathways in the acquisition of thermotolerance. Plant Physiology 138, 882–897. </ref>
<ref name="pmid:21356813"> Waadt R, Kudla J . 2008. In planta visualization of protein interactions using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). CSH Protocols 2008, pdb prot4995. </ref>
</references>

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os10g0445400|
Description = Zinc finger, RING-type domain containing protein|
Version = NM_001071244.2 GI:297610563 GeneID:4348743|
Length = 2212 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os10g0445400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 10|Chromosome 10]]|
AP = Chromosome 10:16541690..16543901|
CDS = 16541849..16542062,16542867..16543089,16543187..16543253,16543374..16543610|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSCEFFLPSPVAARGRWWWWGVCVWFISLFCRASEFLRDYDGAV IQMRMAYSAVAHFLVQWIDCKLAGALGLLKIMIYKVYADGTTALPEWEREASIRQFYG VIFPSLLQLPSGITELDDRKQRRLCLQKFRKVEERVSEVDLERELECGICLEVNAKIV LPDCAHSLCMRCFEDWNTKSKSCPFCRACLKKVNPSSLWLYTDDRDVVDMDTLTRENI RRLFMFISKLPLVVLHVVDLDIYEYRIK</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>1840..2053#813..1035#649..715#292..528#ggggctcggattagagttggactcggcaacgcgacgagcaccaaaagcgagggaagaaaaccaatccgaatccggagagagaagcgcaggaggcaaaatccactccaattcaacccaatcacccgcggcgagccgagcgggcggcggagcacgacgacgacgaggtttaggtaggggttcttggcttgtcggcgtcggcggcggcggcggcggaggaggaggaggagtcagcgatgcggaggaggttccaggactccgtcaaggccctcgaggccgacatcgagcacgccaatgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtctcgcccacacccccgcgccatcgccaattcgcagctgatttctcaccggctgggtaactaactaactaactaactaactaactaatcaccgggttcttgctggtaaatcgaatgcaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtactactactcaatcgcaaccatctcctaacaacaagaacacgagcgattcaatttcatggttgtgatttctcaaattttttttgggtcgctgcaggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggtaatttgccctcctccttcccctttaatttcccctctccttacattttcgcgcatgcgccaacacaaacatagagatattaggtactatcaattgttcatgttagaatcaaatatagctgttgcgtgctctaggagacaaaatttcgtttacctgaatgtggtgttcaagaaagagagaaaaagattacctttgccatatattggctggttgtgttcctcaggatgtaaagtcagttgtaaatctcctgcacttctgatagagtaccacaatgccctctccacagagtctttaaccatcttcatgcatcaagatgtagtccatccaatcaaacctgcatccagaatgactttatttataactgcagcaaacattctattgaactatgtcctgctcttgagcaggtaataacttattgatgtaaaagaagtaggcaaatagtcacaaaatgaactatatcatagatcggttgcatgatgctcctccaaaatacaaacctctgtatctggtaacaattctcaccttggttgaaggttacacacgcgcacacacagtctttgcatactctcttatgctgttagaaaactatgttgttctcagttcattgtatggttgacttcactttccttatagtcaatcctaagttgagagtgaatcattaaccactccttgtcagcaagcacaacaagatctgcaaccttgtccgtactcttcctacttgccgaggcgttcacttcgtctgatgcatgaatctgatcgaattccgtgggccatttaacgaaatttggcttgtcacatatgcaggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtgaaactgtactcttttgttcataccggtgggtctctgtacatatcaaattcatcggtgctgatctgtgatagctcaacctgaggctgcaaattagcagagttgtttgtagctcaacgagttgataatatttttgtgaaaagaagatgctgaagtgtactcc</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001071244.2 RefSeq:Os10g0445400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 10]]
[[Category:Chromosome 10]]

Os10g0445400

2014-05-13T14:27:34Z

Lymzzu2009:

Please input one-sentence summary here.

==Annotated Information==
OsHCI1 encodes a RING finger E3 ligases, which is specifically induced by heat and cold stress. OsHCI1 can drive nuclear export of multiple protein substrate, and the heterologous overexpression of Arabidopsis can enhance acquired-thermotolerance.
===Function===

OsHCI1 (Oryza sativa Heat and Cold Induced 1) encodes a 246-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 28.8kDa and harbours a single RING-HC domain in its C-terminal region. It is a rice RING domain E3 ligase, and is highly induced under heat and cold stress conditions, which can lead to adverse outcomes in plant cell functions, including alterations in cellular composition of membrane fluidity and permeability, enzyme activity, metabolism, production of active oxygen species, and gene expression<ref name="pmid:7641806" /><ref name="pmid:11525514" /><ref name="pmid:11842171" /><ref name="pmid:15128028" /><ref name="pmid:15923322" />.

OsHCI1 dynamically moves from the cytoplasm to the nucleus along cytoskeletal tracts under heat shock conditions. OsHCI1 interacts with six substrate proteins and mediates subcellular trafficking of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm via monoubiquitination.

Arabidopsis overexpressing OsHCI1-EYFP exhibits a heat-tolerant phenotype, suggesting an important role of this protein in the regulation of heat-generated signals in plants.

===Expression===

The finding that OsHCI1 gene expression patterns are specifically and somewhat rapidly increased by heat and cold stresses but not by salt and drought stresses indicates that the gene is associated closely with thermal stress in rice. And OsHCI1 rapidly responds to hormone treatments,too. (Fig.1)

[[File:图片1.jpg]]

Fig.1. Expression levels of OsHCl1 in rice plants subjected to four abiotic stresses and four hormonal treatments.

A Y2H screen was performed to identify 6 proteins that interact with OsHCI1. To confirm these positive interactions with OsHCI1, full-length coding sequences of the top six genes, which exhibited strong α-galactosidase activity, were cloned into GAL4 activation domain, respectively. Full-length OsHCI1 and each interacting protein were co-transformed into the Y2H Gold strain and grown on QDO/X/A medium(Fig.2).

[[File:图片2.jpg]]

Fig2.Identification of OsHCI1 interaction with six proteins.

This study also examined the expression patterns of the interacting partner genes with OsHCI1 under two different heat stresses via semi-quantitative RT-PCR with rice seedlings treated by basal or acquired heat shock treatments (Fig.3). These results suggest that heat shock results in high expression of the OsHCI1 transcript or protein, which can affect the transcript levels of its interacting genes.

[[File:图片3.jpg]]

Fig3. Expression patterns of the response of interacting protein genes with OsHCI1 under heat treatment.

===Localization ===

BiFC technology was employed to visualize the interactions between OsHCI1 and each of the interaction partners in living cells <ref name="pmid:21356813" />. Full-length coding sequences of OsHCI1 and each of the six interacting protein genes were cloned into the 35S-HA-SPYCE(M) and 35S-c-myc-SPYNE(R)173 vectors, respectively. All of the YFP signals except that of OsPSA7 appeared to associate with the cytoplasm and nucleus; however, the OsPGLU1-, OsbHLH065-, and OsGRP1-DsRed2 alone protein signals were detected only in the nucleus (Fig. 4B–D). In contrast, the OsHCI1 BiFC complex with OsPSA7 was localized to the cytoplasm with a punctuate complex (Fig. 5).

[[File:图片4.jpg]]

Fig. 4. Subcellular localization of six interacting proteins.

[[File:图片5.jpg]]

Fig.5. BiFC assay for six substrate proteins confirms the interaction with OsHCI1 in living cells.

===Wild type vs. Mutant ===

==Labs working on this gene==

1.Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-713, Korea.

==References==
Please input cited references here.

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os10g0445400|
Description = Zinc finger, RING-type domain containing protein|
Version = NM_001071244.2 GI:297610563 GeneID:4348743|
Length = 2212 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os10g0445400, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 10|Chromosome 10]]|
AP = Chromosome 10:16541690..16543901|
CDS = 16541849..16542062,16542867..16543089,16543187..16543253,16543374..16543610|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008403:16541690..16543901
source=RiceChromosome10
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MSCEFFLPSPVAARGRWWWWGVCVWFISLFCRASEFLRDYDGAV IQMRMAYSAVAHFLVQWIDCKLAGALGLLKIMIYKVYADGTTALPEWEREASIRQFYG VIFPSLLQLPSGITELDDRKQRRLCLQKFRKVEERVSEVDLERELECGICLEVNAKIV LPDCAHSLCMRCFEDWNTKSKSCPFCRACLKKVNPSSLWLYTDDRDVVDMDTLTRENI RRLFMFISKLPLVVLHVVDLDIYEYRIK</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>1840..2053#813..1035#649..715#292..528#ggggctcggattagagttggactcggcaacgcgacgagcaccaaaagcgagggaagaaaaccaatccgaatccggagagagaagcgcaggaggcaaaatccactccaattcaacccaatcacccgcggcgagccgagcgggcggcggagcacgacgacgacgaggtttaggtaggggttcttggcttgtcggcgtcggcggcggcggcggcggaggaggaggaggagtcagcgatgcggaggaggttccaggactccgtcaaggccctcgaggccgacatcgagcacgccaatgagctgtgagttcttcctcccttcgccggtcgcggctcgtggacggtggtggtggtggggggtttgcgtgtggttcatctctctcttttgcagggcgtcggagttcttgcgggattacgacggggcggtgatccagatgcggatggcgtacagcgccgtcgcgcacttcctcgtgcagtggatcgactgcaagctcgccggcgcgctcggcctcctcaagatcatgatctacaaggtctcgcccacacccccgcgccatcgccaattcgcagctgatttctcaccggctgggtaactaactaactaactaactaactaactaatcaccgggttcttgctggtaaatcgaatgcaggtgtacgccgatggcaccacggctctgccggagtgggagagggaggccagcatcaggcaattctacggtactactactcaatcgcaaccatctcctaacaacaagaacacgagcgattcaatttcatggttgtgatttctcaaattttttttgggtcgctgcaggtgtcatcttcccgtcgctgctccagctgccgagtgggataactgaattggacgacaggaagcagaggaggctgtgccttcagaagttcaggaaggtggaggagagggtctcggaggtggatttggagagggagctcgagtgcggcatctgcctcgaggtgaatgccaagattgtgctgcccgattgcgcgcactcgctgtgcatgagatgcttcgaggattggtaatttgccctcctccttcccctttaatttcccctctccttacattttcgcgcatgcgccaacacaaacatagagatattaggtactatcaattgttcatgttagaatcaaatatagctgttgcgtgctctaggagacaaaatttcgtttacctgaatgtggtgttcaagaaagagagaaaaagattacctttgccatatattggctggttgtgttcctcaggatgtaaagtcagttgtaaatctcctgcacttctgatagagtaccacaatgccctctccacagagtctttaaccatcttcatgcatcaagatgtagtccatccaatcaaacctgcatccagaatgactttatttataactgcagcaaacattctattgaactatgtcctgctcttgagcaggtaataacttattgatgtaaaagaagtaggcaaatagtcacaaaatgaactatatcatagatcggttgcatgatgctcctccaaaatacaaacctctgtatctggtaacaattctcaccttggttgaaggttacacacgcgcacacacagtctttgcatactctcttatgctgttagaaaactatgttgttctcagttcattgtatggttgacttcactttccttatagtcaatcctaagttgagagtgaatcattaaccactccttgtcagcaagcacaacaagatctgcaaccttgtccgtactcttcctacttgccgaggcgttcacttcgtctgatgcatgaatctgatcgaattccgtgggccatttaacgaaatttggcttgtcacatatgcaggaacaccaaatcaaagtcgtgccccttctgccgcgcctgcctcaagaaggtgaatccgagcagcctgtggttgtacaccgacgaccgcgatgttgtggatatggatacgttgactagggagaacattaggcgcctgttcatgttcataagtaagcttccacttgtagtgctccatgtggttgaccttgacatttacgagtaccgtatcaagtgaaactgtactcttttgttcataccggtgggtctctgtacatatcaaattcatcggtgctgatctgtgatagctcaacctgaggctgcaaattagcagagttgtttgtagctcaacgagttgataatatttttgtgaaaagaagatgctgaagtgtactcc</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001071244.2 RefSeq:Os10g0445400]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 10]]
[[Category:Chromosome 10]]

Os02g0141300

2014-05-13T11:10:43Z

Lymzzu2009: /* Wild type vs. Mutant */

Please input one-sentence summary here.

=='''Annotated Information'''==
The gene CAP1 is a highly conserved plant-specific gene that encode an arabinokinase-like protein which is critical for pollen development in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

=== '''Function''' ===

'''T'''he gene is composed of 28 exons and encodes a protein of 996 amino acids. It's a member of the galactokinase, homo-Ser kinase, mevalonate kinase, and phosphomevalonate kinase (GHMP) superfamily. The N-terminal half of CAP1 contains a glycosyltransferase family 1 domain (30–338 amino acids), while the C-terminal half contains both a Gal-binding (GB) signature (496–540 amino acids) and a GHMP N-terminal (GHMP-N) domain (638–704 amino acids)[1]. The GHMP-N domain is involved in ATP binding[2][3].The protein CAP1 shows high indentity to l-arabinokinase from Arabidopsis, a kinase which catalyzes the conversion of l-arabinose to l-arabinose 1-phosphate. This indicates that CAP1 is a arabinokinase-like protein and might have the same function with l-arabinokinase.

'''G'''enetic analysis indicates that the cap1 mutation has no effect on female reproduction or vegetative growth. But The cap1 heterozygous plant produces equal numbers of normal and collapsed pollen grains, and the collapsed pollen grains lack almost all cytoplasmic materials, nuclei, and intine cell walls and are unable to germinate. Based on the alignment information that CAP1 is a arabinokinase-like protein, cap1 mutant's pollen grain phenotype might be caused by the toxic accumulation of l-arabinose or by the inhibition of cell wall metabolism due to the lack of UDP-l-arabinose derived from l-arabinose 1-phosphate[1].

[[File:Genomic structure of the CAP1 locus and pollen phenotypes of allelic mutant lines.jpg]]
[[File:Genomic structure of the CAP1 locus and pollen phenotypes of allelic mutant lines (2).jpg]]

Fig1. Genomic structure of the CAP1 locus and pollen phenotypes of allelic mutant lines[1].

=== '''Wild type vs. Mutant''' ===
'''I'''n wild-type plants, almost all pollen grains are uniformly round in shape and contains normal levels of starch. However, in the mutant, 50% pollen grains are abnormal and are smaller in size (approximately 30 µm in diameter) than wild-type pollen grains (40 µm), and many of them are collapsed. The majority of the collapsed grains contain no starch, only in a few cases that a limited number of starch granules are observed.
'''I'''n the individual wild-type pollen grains, two identical sperm cell nuclei and one vegetative nucleus are clearly visible. In the mutant, however, none of the collapsed pollen grains contain nuclei, while the pollen grains with normal levels of starch contain normal nuclei.

'''T'''he viable pollen grains from wild-type plants are stained purple by Alexander’s stain, while the aborted pollen grains from mutant plants are blue.

'''N'''o cell wall fluorescence is detectable from collapsed pollen grains stained with calcofluor white solution, whereas all normal pollen grains emit blue-white fluorescence.

'''T'''o summarize, mutant pollen grains lost almost all cytoplasm and comprised only exine, so they are empty pollen grains[1].

[[File:Phenotype and germinability of pollen grains affected by a cap1 mutation.jpg]]
[[File:Phenotype and germinability of pollen grains affected by a cap1 mutation 2.jpg]]

Fig2. Phenotype and germinability of pollen grains affected by a cap1 mutation[1].

=== '''Expression'''===

'''A'''nalyzing by RT-PCR, a very weak signal is detectable in meiotic-stage spikelets (stages 7 and 8) and in microspore stage anthers (stages 9 and 10), and no signal is detected in leaf blades, roots, lemmas/paleas, or flowering-stage pistils, nor in tricellular pollen stage anthers (stages 12 and 13), while a prominent signal is detected in anthers at the bicellular pollen stage (stage 11).

'''B'''y in situ hybridization, no signal is detected in the anther of microspore (stage 10), bicellular pollen (stage 11), and tricellular pollen (stage 13) stages using a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled CAP1 sense probe as a control. By contrast, the hybridization signals by a DIG-labeled CAP1 antisense probe are present not only in developing pollen, but also in tapetum and endothecium (anther wall).

'''I'''n summary, CAP1 is preferentially expressed in anthers during pollen development. The developmental stage, when increased CAP1 expression is observed, coincided with the timing of morphological and biochemical alterations in cap1 mutants, suggesting that CAP1 is closely associated with bicellular-stage pollen at stage 11[1].

[[File:Gene expression pattern of CAP1..jpg]]
[[File:Gene expression pattern of CAP1. (2).jpg]]

Fig3. Gene expression pattern of CAP1[1].

=== '''Evolution''' ===

'''A''' closely related protein Os06g0702500 is found in the rice genome which encodes a protein with 79% identity to CAP1 and is termed OsARA1.

'''S'''imilar proteins could be found in many higher plants, including Gramineae and Arabidopsis (between 90% and 71% identity), the fern Selaginella moellendorffii (67%), and the moss Physcomitrella patens (63%).

'''I'''n Gramineae, there are at least two similar proteins in a genome that are divided into two phylogenetically distinct clades, the CAP1 clade (with about 90% identity to CAP1) and the OsARA1 clade (about 80% identity).

'''S'''imilaraly, the Arabidopsis genome also contains two genes similar to CAP1; AtARA1 (At4g16130) has 75% identity to CAP1 and encods an arabinokinase[4][5][6], and AtARA2, has 71% identity.

'''I'''n bacteria or animal genomes, no highly homologous proteins could be found, which indicates that CAP1 is a highly conserved plant-specific gene[1].

[[File:Phylogenetic tree of CAP1 and related proteins in plants.jpg]]

Fig4. Phylogenetic tree of CAP1 and related proteins in plants[1].

=='''Labs working on this gene'''==

1. Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010–0195, Japan (K.U., F.Y., H.W.)

2. Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3052.

3. Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS-ERS 569, F-91405, Orsay, Cedex, France.

=='''References'''==

[1] Ueda K, Yoshimura F, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Nonomura K, Wabiko H. Collapsed abnormal pollen1 gene encoding the Arabinokinase-like protein is involved in pollen development in rice. Plant Physiol. 2013 Jun;162(2):858-71.

[2] Tsay YH, Robinson GW. (1991) Cloning and characterization of ERG8, an essential gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes phosphomevalonate kinase. Mol Cell Biol 11: 620–631.

[3] Lee M, Leustek T. (1999) Identification of the gene encoding homoserine kinase from Arabidopsis thaliana and characterization of the recombinant enzyme derived from the gene. Arch Biochem Biophys 372: 135–142.

[4] Dolezal O, Cobbett CS. (1991) Arabinose kinase-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 96: 1255–1260.

[5] Gy I, Aubourg S, Sherson S, Cobbett CS, Cheron A, Kreis M, Lecharny A. (1998) Analysis of a 14-kb fragment containing a putative cell wall gene and a candidate for the ARA1, arabinose kinase, gene from chromosome IV of Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 209: 201–210.

[6] Sherson S, Gy I, Medd J, Schmidt R, Dean C, Kreis M, Lecharny A, Cobbett C. (1999) The arabinose kinase, ARA1, gene of Arabidopsis is a novel member of the galactose kinase gene family. Plant Mol Biol 39: 1003–1012.

=='''Structured Information'''==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0141300|
Description = Galactokinase family protein|
Version = NM_001052393.1 GI:115444156 GeneID:4328266|
Length = 8534 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0141300, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:2230686..2239219|
CDS = 2231383..2231493,2231646..2231849,2231945..2232016,2232293..2232458,2232543..2232758 ,2232873..2232949,2233056..2233151,2233237..2233280,2233435..2233522 ,2233805..2233886,2233961..2234091,2234264..2234386,2234804..2234887 ,2234985..2235144,2235251..2235414,2235823..2235879,2236159..2236278 ,2236387..2236496,2236587..2236689,2236789..2236842,2237106..2237168 ,2237258..2237325,2237412..2237469,2237684..2237750,2238233..2238309 ,2238433..2238516,2238652..2238828,2239010..2239144|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:2230686..2239219
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:2230686..2239219
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgaggattcggggagacggcggaggtgatgaggaggaggcggcgatggcggtggtgtcggcgccgccgcagcatctggtcttcgcgtactacatcaccggccatggcttcggccacgccacccgcgcgctcgaggtggtgaggcacctgatcgcggcggggcacgacgtgcacgtggtcaccggcgcgccggagttcgtcttcaccaccgagatcagctcgcccaacctccacatccgcaaggtgctcctcgactgcggcgccgtccaggccgacgccctcaccgtcgatcgcctcgcctccctcgagaagtatcatcagacggccgtgatgccacgcgaatcgattctgaggactgaggtggaatggctcaacacgatcaaggccgacctagtggtttcagatgtcgtccccgtcgcgtgcagggcggctgcggatgctggcattcgatcggtgtgcgtcaccaatttcagctgggacttcatttatgcagagtatgtcgtagtagctggacatcatcatcgctcaattgtgtggcagatagcagaagattattcacattgtgaattcttactacgactccctggatactgccctatgcctgctttccgtgatgtcattgatgttcctcttgtggtgagaagattgcataaatctagatctgaggtgaggaaggaattaggaattaaagatgatgttaaggtggtcattttcaactttggaggacagcctgcaggatggaaactgaagaaagaatggctgcctgatggttggctctgtttggtatgtggtgcatctgaaactcaagagcttccaccaaatttcattaaacttgcaaaggacgcctatacacctgatttgatggcagcatctgactgcatgcttgggaaaattggatatggcactgtgagtgaggctttggcttacaagctgccatttgtatttgttcgtagagattatttcaatgaagagccgtttttgaggaatatgcttgagcattatcaatgtggcgttgagatggtacggagggatttacttactggacactggaaaccttatctgcaacgtgctatgacacttcatccatgctatgatggtccaataaatggtggtgaggtggctgcacatatcctccaggacactgctgttggcaagaagtatatttctggcaagttgagcggagcaagacgtttgcgtgatgccatagtgctaggatatcaactacaaagggctccagggagagatgtcggaattcctgactggtattctgtgtctgagaaagaaatcggtgttcgtccagcaccaacatatcatgaggttaatggaagtgcagagtcatcttttgaggacttcgagatactccatggggacatacaaggattaactgatacaatggcatttttaactagtttatcaggacttgttggaaatgatccaaggagccctgagaagcaatctcgagagagggttgctgcttctgttttctttgattgggaggaggaaatatatgttgcaagagcacctggacgtttagatgtcatgggtggcatcgcagattattcaggaagtcttgtattacagatgcccattcgagaggcttgtcatgttgctattcagagaagtaatcctatgaagcagaagctatggaagcatacacaagctaggcaactagcaaatggcagagcagtgccgttgttacaaattgtatcatttggttctgaattgagtaatcgtgcaccaacctttgatatggacctgtctgattttatggatggtgacaaaccaatatcctatgataaggccaaagaatatttctctcaggacccatcccaaaaatgggctgcatatgttgctggaacaatccttgtgttgatgaccgagctaggtgtggtcttcacagacagcatgagcattctggtttcttcatcagttcctgaaggtaaaggtgtctcctcttctgcatcagtggaggttgccagtatgtctgctattgctgctgcctatggtctaaatatccctccacgggatcttgccatactctgccaaaaggttgagaatcgcattgttggagcaccttgtggtgtaatggatcaaatgacatctgcttgtggagaagctaacaaacttcttgcaatgatttgtcagcctgcagaagtgaaagagttggtcagcattccaactcacattcgattttggggtcttgactctgggatacgacatagtgttggtgggactgattatggctctgtaagggtaggcacttacatgggacgcaagatgatcaagtgtgctgcatctgatcttctttcagaatcattaccctcctgtcctcctattcaatcaggcaacacaaattctgatgaatacgaagaacatggtgtagatcttttgaaatctgaagcgtcgctggagtatttatgcaacctaccacctcatagatatgaagctgtttacgcgagagatattccagagatcataaccggggatgcatttttggagaagtatggagatcataatgatgcagtaacaactgttgacccaaaacgatcttactgtgtgaaggctcctactagacatcctatatacgagaacttccgagttgaggccttcaaagcattgctaacagcagccaaaacagttgagcaactttcggcccttggagaattgatgtatcagtgccactacagctacaatgcttgtgggcttggttctgatggaaccgacaggcttgttaatatggtacaagaagtccagcacaggaagacctcacaggatggtggtcctagtttatttggtgcaaagataactggtggaggatctgggggctcggtttgtgtcattgggaaaaattgcttgaaaagcagtgaagagatttttgagattcagaagagatacaaagctgctaccgggtacctaccaattgttttcgagggctcatctccaggtgcaggcaagtttggatacctgaagattcgacggcgatccacatag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MRIRGDGGGDEEEAAMAVVSAPPQHLVFAYYITGHGFGHATRAL EVVRHLIAAGHDVHVVTGAPEFVFTTEISSPNLHIRKVLLDCGAVQADALTVDRLASL EKYHQTAVMPRESILRTEVEWLNTIKADLVVSDVVPVACRAAADAGIRSVCVTNFSWD FIYAEYVVVAGHHHRSIVWQIAEDYSHCEFLLRLPGYCPMPAFRDVIDVPLVVRRLHK SRSEVRKELGIKDDVKVVIFNFGGQPAGWKLKKEWLPDGWLCLVCGASETQELPPNFI KLAKDAYTPDLMAASDCMLGKIGYGTVSEALAYKLPFVFVRRDYFNEEPFLRNMLEHY QCGVEMVRRDLLTGHWKPYLQRAMTLHPCYDGPINGGEVAAHILQDTAVGKKYISGKL SGARRLRDAIVLGYQLQRAPGRDVGIPDWYSVSEKEIGVRPAPTYHEVNGSAESSFED FEILHGDIQGLTDTMAFLTSLSGLVGNDPRSPEKQSRERVAASVFFDWEEEIYVARAP GRLDVMGGIADYSGSLVLQMPIREACHVAIQRSNPMKQKLWKHTQARQLANGRAVPLL QIVSFGSELSNRAPTFDMDLSDFMDGDKPISYDKAKEYFSQDPSQKWAAYVAGTILVL MTELGVVFTDSMSILVSSSVPEGKGVSSSASVEVASMSAIAAAYGLNIPPRDLAILCQ KVENRIVGAPCGVMDQMTSACGEANKLLAMICQPAEVKELVSIPTHIRFWGLDSGIRH SVGGTDYGSVRVGTYMGRKMIKCAASDLLSESLPSCPPIQSGNTNSDEYEEHGVDLLK SEASLEYLCNLPPHRYEAVYARDIPEIITGDAFLEKYGDHNDAVTTVDPKRSYCVKAP TRHPIYENFRVEAFKALLTAAKTVEQLSALGELMYQCHYSYNACGLGSDGTDRLVNMV QEVQHRKTSQDGGPSLFGAKITGGGSGGSVCVIGKNCLKSSEEIFEIQKRYKAATGYL PIVFEGSSPGAGKFGYLKIRRRST</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>7727..7837#7371..7574#7204..7275#6762..6927#6462..6677#6271..6347#6069..6164#5940..5983#5698..5785#5334..5415#5129..5259#4834..4956#4333..4416#4076..4235#3806..3969#3341..3397#2942..3061#2724..2833#2531..2633#2378..2431#2052..2114#1895..1962#1751..1808#1470..1536#911..987#704..787#392..568#76..210#gtggagtctctgataataagtgtcgatttttgttgttccgggagaaattccgggagatttggggcggcggcggcgatgaggattcggggagacggcggaggtgatgaggaggaggcggcgatggcggtggtgtcggcgccgccgcagcatctggtcttcgcgtactacatcaccggccatggcttcggccacgccacccgcgcgctcgaggtctcgtcttctcttttttctcgttttggggaggattgattcgtgtttgtctccgtgcgatgaaattttggtttctgcgcggaattttggtttcgtggctggatggatggattcgctgctgtttgagtttttttttaatttttatttggggtgatggaattttggtttgtggttagtgcaggtggtgaggcacctgatcgcggcggggcacgacgtgcacgtggtcaccggcgcgccggagttcgtcttcaccaccgagatcagctcgcccaacctccacatccgcaaggtgctcctcgactgcggcgccgtccaggccgacgccctcaccgtcgatcgcctcgcctccctcgagaaggttccagaaacatactccaatatctccactctactacctgctactgctacaacatccaccactcttgctcttgctgtgctgtgctttgcctgtggatttgtggctgattgagtgattgtgtggtgcggaatgcagtatcatcagacggccgtgatgccacgcgaatcgattctgaggactgaggtggaatggctcaacacgatcaaggccgacctagtggtaatgctcctgaggatgctaacaccaactacttgctcgatttttttaatctgtttttatccggggtctccatgaatctttacagcatctgaagcaaatgtggtgttgttggtctttggtcaggtttcagatgtcgtccccgtcgcgtgcagggcggctgcggatgctggcattcgatcggtgtgcgtcaccaatttcaggttagtgtttctgtggttgcttcatgctaggggtcaaaaggagcaatgaggatgtagagtgagctttagaattattagttacagcctttgtgggttcccatattattccaagtttatgttaacattttgcttggggttatatgtttcatcagtgcatagttgctacagttacctgacttttatatgttttgcctgctaacattcatttcctgatgtaatcagtactaacgctgaacacaaaagttatctactaacccacaagaaatctgcagctctgagtgatgctaacaataaattttagttatggctttacccgaaattgactagttgtaaacataattttttctctccatttatttttataattcgggctattgaagaaatttacatggatagttttatttgcagtttttcttgcttcttttttgagtagttatttttgaatcaaagcacggtctttaattttcaccttctatttgcagctgggacttcatttatgcagagtatgtcgtagtagctggacatcatcatcgctcaattgtgtggcaggtgcctgtcatttcatttcccaaaaatggtgcaaaattgtctaattggtttgctaatgctaactactaaattcctaaagccacctagacaccggattcaaatttcttgatttttttttgagaaaactgttctctgtaatatcgttctttagttgcaagttgagactaattcagcccgttcaataaccatgcatttatgttggcatcaactgcagatagcagaagattattcacattgtgaattcttactacgactccctggatactgccctagtacgtctatatgtctgaatgaataatatatccaaagatcctgcatgttggtttgaagtactcgtgattaattctatcttctgcagtgcctgctttccgtgatgtcattgatgttcctcttgtggtgagaagattgcataaatctagatctgaggtgcgtacaactctgctggacaatgtttgctctgaacactcaacccatgttctcagttcttgatgacttaaaaaatctccatatatcaggtgaggaaggaattaggaattaaagatgatgttaaggtggtcattttcaactttggaggacaggtaaaccattaaatagcctgaatgttctttctcgtttatagatgctcgattttgttcaattaatggatgttagttgcatatttctgttaaatcatttttttttgaaagggctatatttatgttaaatcaatatgtccttttagaccagctaaggtttctgtctttctgctgttattggtagtcagtacaatccatagttgaatttgctaccatcttatgcaagtattgctgatgcaatgccattgtgatggtttcctcttcagcctgcaggatggaaactgaagaaagaatggctgcctgatggttggctctgtttggtatattttctttgaaactacgtgttttcttctctcttctttctctctctcttaataatgtctggacaacatttgtgaccaaattctattttcataaaggtatgtggtgcatctgaaactcaagagcttccaccaaatttcattaaacttgcaaaggacgcctatacacctgatttgatggcagcatctgactgcatgcttggtaaatacagtgctatattatctgtgttagggctatttaccgccttatttcttttctagaaatgtaacaattctgttggttgttgcatagggaaaattggatatggcactgtgagtgaggctttggcttacaagctgccatttgtatttgttcgtagagattatttcaatgaagagccgtttttgaggaatatgcttgaggttgaaacatctcgaagtatagtttcattttaagaattcgtacttatagagcatcagtcatgaaccttgatgtcctgttctatatcctcttttcttcctaataaacagcattatcaatgtggcgttgagatggtacggagggatttacttactggacactggaaaccttatctgcaacgtgctatgacacttcatccatgctatgatggtccaataaatggtggtgaggtaatgtccttacagttctcagatatgggtctgtgagggttgtttgggaactcaagctagtaaccatcttgtaaattttattttttttttatgatggctgatttttaaaactgaaataccatactagccataggttgaagttcatcctgaatcaattcttccgtaagtcatgaagagtcaactggatacttgcatcatgttttcctcaaaccagatgtgattcacagactttcttgattgcatttataatacaagataagctaataattattcgttcaggtggctgcacatatcctccaggacactgctgttggcaagaagtatatttctggcaaggtgagttactaacataaattgttgatacattattgttcagttgtaccttgaaactttcagataaaagtgagactttgatatcttcagttatctgtatttggtgtcgtatggaacttttgttgctttcatactacacatataaagtgataagttgaacataagtaaacacttctgccttttcttgtcatgttactcattaaaagcatttcacccctggaggtttttattaattcttttgctcaagaatattttttttatggaactgtccacctagttgctaattcccaattcagaacagaggatttatctactgctctggaacttgaaaacctatgaagttttaaagttacaagagttttttttttcacaacttctggacttagtatttgcactactctacaattacagttgagcggagcaagacgtttgcgtgatgccatagtgctaggatatcaactacaaagggctccagggagagatgtcggaattcctgactggtattctgtgtctgagaaagaaatcggtgttcgtccagcaccaacatatcatgaggttaatggaagtgcagagtcgtaagtttccatatcctttcttttcccctcataataacatgtactttatccaataacacactttatcatatccccgtccattcaaataattttgttttggtgtcagatcttttgaggacttcgagatactccatggggacatacaaggattaactgatacaatggcatttttaactagtttatcaggacttgttggaaatgatccaaggagccctgagaagcaatctcgagagagggttgctgcttctgttttctttgattgggaggtactatacaagcataaaaataatacactgatttttttgggaaactattgatatgttataggggaaaatcattttcgaatgatttattctgttgtaggaggaaatatatgttgcaagagcacctggacgtttagatgtcatgggtggcatcgcagattattcaggaagtcttgtattacaggtagtttcaaatgcaagagaaagtggcatttcttatagatgagccttcctgtaattccactatgtgataaaactttcacacaaatgatttcaaattttcaatatttaaagattcttcaattctgcatttgactatcattttagtttgtttctgtaactttccttgcatctcctcttgataccattgaaggtaggggttcctcctgcatgtattgtggaatgatatattgacatatacctggaaaactctgaatacatgcatgttctataga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Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052393.1 RefSeq:Os02g0141300]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]

Os02g0141300

2014-05-13T10:08:39Z

Lymzzu2009: /* Expression */

Please input one-sentence summary here.

=='''Annotated Information'''==
The gene CAP1 is a highly conserved plant-specific gene that encode an arabinokinase-like protein which is critical for pollen development in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

=== '''Function''' ===

'''T'''he gene is composed of 28 exons and encodes a protein of 996 amino acids. It's a member of the galactokinase, homo-Ser kinase, mevalonate kinase, and phosphomevalonate kinase (GHMP) superfamily. The N-terminal half of CAP1 contains a glycosyltransferase family 1 domain (30–338 amino acids), while the C-terminal half contains both a Gal-binding (GB) signature (496–540 amino acids) and a GHMP N-terminal (GHMP-N) domain (638–704 amino acids)[1]. The GHMP-N domain is involved in ATP binding[2][3].The protein CAP1 shows high indentity to l-arabinokinase from Arabidopsis, a kinase which catalyzes the conversion of l-arabinose to l-arabinose 1-phosphate. This indicates that CAP1 is a arabinokinase-like protein and might have the same function with l-arabinokinase.

'''G'''enetic analysis indicates that the cap1 mutation has no effect on female reproduction or vegetative growth. But The cap1 heterozygous plant produces equal numbers of normal and collapsed pollen grains, and the collapsed pollen grains lack almost all cytoplasmic materials, nuclei, and intine cell walls and are unable to germinate. Based on the alignment information that CAP1 is a arabinokinase-like protein, cap1 mutant's pollen grain phenotype might be caused by the toxic accumulation of l-arabinose or by the inhibition of cell wall metabolism due to the lack of UDP-l-arabinose derived from l-arabinose 1-phosphate[1].

[[File:Genomic structure of the CAP1 locus and pollen phenotypes of allelic mutant lines.jpg]]
[[File:Genomic structure of the CAP1 locus and pollen phenotypes of allelic mutant lines (2).jpg]]

Fig1. Genomic structure of the CAP1 locus and pollen phenotypes of allelic mutant lines[1].

=== '''Wild type vs. Mutant''' ===

'''I'''n wild-type plants, almost all pollen grains are uniformly round in shape and contains normal levels of starch. However, in the mutant, 50% pollen grains are abnormal and are smaller in size (approximately 30 µm in diameter) than wild-type pollen grains (40 µm), and many of them are collapsed. The majority of the collapsed grains contain no starch, only in a few cases that a limited number of starch granules are observed.

'''I'''n the individual wild-type pollen grains, two identical sperm cell nuclei and one vegetative nucleus are clearly visible. In the mutant, however, none of the collapsed pollen grains contain nuclei, while the pollen grains with normal levels of starch contain normal nuclei.

'''T'''he viable pollen grains from wild-type plants are stained purple by Alexander’s stain, while the aborted pollen grains from mutant plants are blue.

'''N'''o cell wall fluorescence is detectable from collapsed pollen grains stained with calcofluor white solution, whereas all normal pollen grains emit blue-white fluorescence.

'''T'''o summarize, mutant pollen grains lost almost all cytoplasm and comprised only exine, so they are empty pollen grains[1].

[[File:Phenotype and germinability of pollen grains affected by a cap1 mutation.jpg]]
[[File:Phenotype and germinability of pollen grains affected by a cap1 mutation 2.jpg]]

Fig2. Phenotype and germinability of pollen grains affected by a cap1 mutation[1].

=== '''Expression'''===

'''A'''nalyzing by RT-PCR, a very weak signal is detectable in meiotic-stage spikelets (stages 7 and 8) and in microspore stage anthers (stages 9 and 10), and no signal is detected in leaf blades, roots, lemmas/paleas, or flowering-stage pistils, nor in tricellular pollen stage anthers (stages 12 and 13), while a prominent signal is detected in anthers at the bicellular pollen stage (stage 11).

'''B'''y in situ hybridization, no signal is detected in the anther of microspore (stage 10), bicellular pollen (stage 11), and tricellular pollen (stage 13) stages using a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled CAP1 sense probe as a control. By contrast, the hybridization signals by a DIG-labeled CAP1 antisense probe are present not only in developing pollen, but also in tapetum and endothecium (anther wall).

'''I'''n summary, CAP1 is preferentially expressed in anthers during pollen development. The developmental stage, when increased CAP1 expression is observed, coincided with the timing of morphological and biochemical alterations in cap1 mutants, suggesting that CAP1 is closely associated with bicellular-stage pollen at stage 11[1].

[[File:Gene expression pattern of CAP1..jpg]]
[[File:Gene expression pattern of CAP1. (2).jpg]]

Fig3. Gene expression pattern of CAP1[1].

=== '''Evolution''' ===

'''A''' closely related protein Os06g0702500 is found in the rice genome which encodes a protein with 79% identity to CAP1 and is termed OsARA1.

'''S'''imilar proteins could be found in many higher plants, including Gramineae and Arabidopsis (between 90% and 71% identity), the fern Selaginella moellendorffii (67%), and the moss Physcomitrella patens (63%).

'''I'''n Gramineae, there are at least two similar proteins in a genome that are divided into two phylogenetically distinct clades, the CAP1 clade (with about 90% identity to CAP1) and the OsARA1 clade (about 80% identity).

'''S'''imilaraly, the Arabidopsis genome also contains two genes similar to CAP1; AtARA1 (At4g16130) has 75% identity to CAP1 and encods an arabinokinase[4][5][6], and AtARA2, has 71% identity.

'''I'''n bacteria or animal genomes, no highly homologous proteins could be found, which indicates that CAP1 is a highly conserved plant-specific gene[1].

[[File:Phylogenetic tree of CAP1 and related proteins in plants.jpg]]

Fig4. Phylogenetic tree of CAP1 and related proteins in plants[1].

=='''Labs working on this gene'''==

1. Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010–0195, Japan (K.U., F.Y., H.W.)

2. Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3052.

3. Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Bâtiment 630, Université de Paris-Sud, CNRS-ERS 569, F-91405, Orsay, Cedex, France.

=='''References'''==

[1] Ueda K, Yoshimura F, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Nonomura K, Wabiko H. Collapsed abnormal pollen1 gene encoding the Arabinokinase-like protein is involved in pollen development in rice. Plant Physiol. 2013 Jun;162(2):858-71.

[2] Tsay YH, Robinson GW. (1991) Cloning and characterization of ERG8, an essential gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes phosphomevalonate kinase. Mol Cell Biol 11: 620–631.

[3] Lee M, Leustek T. (1999) Identification of the gene encoding homoserine kinase from Arabidopsis thaliana and characterization of the recombinant enzyme derived from the gene. Arch Biochem Biophys 372: 135–142.

[4] Dolezal O, Cobbett CS. (1991) Arabinose kinase-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 96: 1255–1260.

[5] Gy I, Aubourg S, Sherson S, Cobbett CS, Cheron A, Kreis M, Lecharny A. (1998) Analysis of a 14-kb fragment containing a putative cell wall gene and a candidate for the ARA1, arabinose kinase, gene from chromosome IV of Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 209: 201–210.

[6] Sherson S, Gy I, Medd J, Schmidt R, Dean C, Kreis M, Lecharny A, Cobbett C. (1999) The arabinose kinase, ARA1, gene of Arabidopsis is a novel member of the galactose kinase gene family. Plant Mol Biol 39: 1003–1012.

=='''Structured Information'''==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os02g0141300|
Description = Galactokinase family protein|
Version = NM_001052393.1 GI:115444156 GeneID:4328266|
Length = 8534 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os02g0141300, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 2|Chromosome 2]]|
AP = Chromosome 2:2230686..2239219|
CDS = 2231383..2231493,2231646..2231849,2231945..2232016,2232293..2232458,2232543..2232758 ,2232873..2232949,2233056..2233151,2233237..2233280,2233435..2233522 ,2233805..2233886,2233961..2234091,2234264..2234386,2234804..2234887 ,2234985..2235144,2235251..2235414,2235823..2235879,2236159..2236278 ,2236387..2236496,2236587..2236689,2236789..2236842,2237106..2237168 ,2237258..2237325,2237412..2237469,2237684..2237750,2238233..2238309 ,2238433..2238516,2238652..2238828,2239010..2239144|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008395:2230686..2239219
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008395:2230686..2239219
source=RiceChromosome02
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgaggattcggggagacggcggaggtgatgaggaggaggcggcgatggcggtggtgtcggcgccgccgcagcatctggtcttcgcgtactacatcaccggccatggcttcggccacgccacccgcgcgctcgaggtggtgaggcacctgatcgcggcggggcacgacgtgcacgtggtcaccggcgcgccggagttcgtcttcaccaccgagatcagctcgcccaacctccacatccgcaaggtgctcctcgactgcggcgccgtccaggccgacgccctcaccgtcgatcgcctcgcctccctcgagaagtatcatcagacggccgtgatgccacgcgaatcgattctgaggactgaggtggaatggctcaacacgatcaaggccgacctagtggtttcagatgtcgtccccgtcgcgtgcagggcggctgcggatgctggcattcgatcggtgtgcgtcaccaatttcagctgggacttcatttatgcagagtatgtcgtagtagctggacatcatcatcgctcaattgtgtggcagatagcagaagattattcacattgtgaattcttactacgactccctggatactgccctatgcctgctttccgtgatgtcattgatgttcctcttgtggtgagaagattgcataaatctagatctgaggtgaggaaggaattaggaattaaagatgatgttaaggtggtcattttcaactttggaggacagcctgcaggatggaaactgaagaaagaatggctgcctgatggttggctctgtttggtatgtggtgcatctgaaactcaagagcttccaccaaatttcattaaacttgcaaaggacgcctatacacctgatttgatggcagcatctgactgcatgcttgggaaaattggatatggcactgtgagtgaggctttggcttacaagctgccatttgtatttgttcgtagagattatttcaatgaagagccgtttttgaggaatatgcttgagcattatcaatgtggcgttgagatggtacggagggatttacttactggacactggaaaccttatctgcaacgtgctatgacacttcatccatgctatgatggtccaataaatggtggtgaggtggctgcacatatcctccaggacactgctgttggcaagaagtatatttctggcaagttgagcggagcaagacgtttgcgtgatgccatagtgctaggatatcaactacaaagggctccagggagagatgtcggaattcctgactggtattctgtgtctgagaaagaaatcggtgttcgtccagcaccaacatatcatgaggttaatggaagtgcagagtcatcttttgaggacttcgagatactccatggggacatacaaggattaactgatacaatggcatttttaactagtttatcaggacttgttggaaatgatccaaggagccctgagaagcaatctcgagagagggttgctgcttctgttttctttgattgggaggaggaaatatatgttgcaagagcacctggacgtttagatgtcatgggtggcatcgcagattattcaggaagtcttgtattacagatgcccattcgagaggcttgtcatgttgctattcagagaagtaatcctatgaagcagaagctatggaagcatacacaagctaggcaactagcaaatggcagagcagtgccgttgttacaaattgtatcatttggttctgaattgagtaatcgtgcaccaacctttgatatggacctgtctgattttatggatggtgacaaaccaatatcctatgataaggccaaagaatatttctctcaggacccatcccaaaaatgggctgcatatgttgctggaacaatccttgtgttgatgaccgagctaggtgtggtcttcacagacagcatgagcattctggtttcttcatcagttcctgaaggtaaaggtgtctcctcttctgcatcagtggaggttgccagtatgtctgctattgctgctgcctatggtctaaatatccctccacgggatcttgccatactctgccaaaaggttgagaatcgcattgttggagcaccttgtggtgtaatggatcaaatgacatctgcttgtggagaagctaacaaacttcttgcaatgatttgtcagcctgcagaagtgaaagagttggtcagcattccaactcacattcgattttggggtcttgactctgggatacgacatagtgttggtgggactgattatggctctgtaagggtaggcacttacatgggacgcaagatgatcaagtgtgctgcatctgatcttctttcagaatcattaccctcctgtcctcctattcaatcaggcaacacaaattctgatgaatacgaagaacatggtgtagatcttttgaaatctgaagcgtcgctggagtatttatgcaacctaccacctcatagatatgaagctgtttacgcgagagatattccagagatcataaccggggatgcatttttggagaagtatggagatcataatgatgcagtaacaactgttgacccaaaacgatcttactgtgtgaaggctcctactagacatcctatatacgagaacttccgagttgaggccttcaaagcattgctaacagcagccaaaacagttgagcaactttcggcccttggagaattgatgtatcagtgccactacagctacaatgcttgtgggcttggttctgatggaaccgacaggcttgttaatatggtacaagaagtccagcacaggaagacctcacaggatggtggtcctagtttatttggtgcaaagataactggtggaggatctgggggctcggtttgtgtcattgggaaaaattgcttgaaaagcagtgaagagatttttgagattcagaagagatacaaagctgctaccgggtacctaccaattgttttcgagggctcatctccaggtgcaggcaagtttggatacctgaagattcgacggcgatccacatag</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MRIRGDGGGDEEEAAMAVVSAPPQHLVFAYYITGHGFGHATRAL EVVRHLIAAGHDVHVVTGAPEFVFTTEISSPNLHIRKVLLDCGAVQADALTVDRLASL EKYHQTAVMPRESILRTEVEWLNTIKADLVVSDVVPVACRAAADAGIRSVCVTNFSWD FIYAEYVVVAGHHHRSIVWQIAEDYSHCEFLLRLPGYCPMPAFRDVIDVPLVVRRLHK SRSEVRKELGIKDDVKVVIFNFGGQPAGWKLKKEWLPDGWLCLVCGASETQELPPNFI KLAKDAYTPDLMAASDCMLGKIGYGTVSEALAYKLPFVFVRRDYFNEEPFLRNMLEHY QCGVEMVRRDLLTGHWKPYLQRAMTLHPCYDGPINGGEVAAHILQDTAVGKKYISGKL SGARRLRDAIVLGYQLQRAPGRDVGIPDWYSVSEKEIGVRPAPTYHEVNGSAESSFED FEILHGDIQGLTDTMAFLTSLSGLVGNDPRSPEKQSRERVAASVFFDWEEEIYVARAP GRLDVMGGIADYSGSLVLQMPIREACHVAIQRSNPMKQKLWKHTQARQLANGRAVPLL QIVSFGSELSNRAPTFDMDLSDFMDGDKPISYDKAKEYFSQDPSQKWAAYVAGTILVL MTELGVVFTDSMSILVSSSVPEGKGVSSSASVEVASMSAIAAAYGLNIPPRDLAILCQ KVENRIVGAPCGVMDQMTSACGEANKLLAMICQPAEVKELVSIPTHIRFWGLDSGIRH SVGGTDYGSVRVGTYMGRKMIKCAASDLLSESLPSCPPIQSGNTNSDEYEEHGVDLLK SEASLEYLCNLPPHRYEAVYARDIPEIITGDAFLEKYGDHNDAVTTVDPKRSYCVKAP TRHPIYENFRVEAFKALLTAAKTVEQLSALGELMYQCHYSYNACGLGSDGTDRLVNMV QEVQHRKTSQDGGPSLFGAKITGGGSGGSVCVIGKNCLKSSEEIFEIQKRYKAATGYL PIVFEGSSPGAGKFGYLKIRRRST</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>7727..7837#7371..7574#7204..7275#6762..6927#6462..6677#6271..6347#6069..6164#5940..5983#5698..5785#5334..5415#5129..5259#4834..4956#4333..4416#4076..4235#3806..3969#3341..3397#2942..3061#2724..2833#2531..2633#2378..2431#2052..2114#1895..1962#1751..1808#1470..1536#911..987#704..787#392..568#76..210#gtggagtctctgataataagtgtcgatttttgttgttccgggagaaattccgggagatttggggcggcggcggcgatgaggattcggggagacggcggaggtgatgaggaggaggcggcgatggcggtggtgtcggcgccgccgcagcatctggtcttcgcgtactacatcaccggccatggcttcggccacgccacccgcgcgctcgaggtctcgtcttctcttttttctcgttttggggaggattgattcgtgtttgtctccgtgcgatgaaattttggtttctgcgcggaattttggtttcgtggctggatggatggattcgctgctgtttgagtttttttttaatttttatttggggtgatggaattttggtttgtggttagtgcaggtggtgaggcacctgatcgcggcggggcacgacgtgcacgtggtcaccggcgcgccggagttcgtcttcaccaccgagatcagctcgcccaacctccacatccgcaaggtgctcctcgactgcggcgccgtccaggccgacgccctcaccgtcgatcgcctcgcctccctcgagaaggttccagaaacatactccaatatctccactctactacctgctactgctacaacatccaccactcttgctcttgctgtgctgtgctttgcctgtggatttgtggctgattgagtgattgtgtggtgcggaatgcagtatcatcagacggccgtgatgccacgcgaatcgattctgaggactgaggtggaatggctcaacacgatcaaggccgacctagtggtaatgctcctgaggatgctaacaccaactacttgctcgatttttttaatctgtttttatccggggtctccatgaatctttacagcatctgaagcaaatgtggtgttgttggtctttggtcaggtttcagatgtcgtccccgtcgcgtgcagggcggctgcggatgctggcattcgatcggtgtgcgtcaccaatttcaggttagtgtttctgtggttgcttcatgctaggggtcaaaaggagcaatgaggatgtagagtgagctttagaattattagttacagcctttgtgggttcccatattattccaagtttatgttaacattttgcttggggttatatgtttcatcagtgcatagttgctacagttacctgacttttatatgttttgcctgctaacattcatttcctgatgtaatcagtactaacgctgaacacaaaagttatctactaacccacaagaaatctgcagctctgagtgatgctaacaataaattttagttatggctttacccgaaattgactagttgtaaacataattttttctctccatttatttttataattcgggctattgaagaaatttacatggatagttttatttgcagtttttcttgcttcttttttgagtagttatttttgaatcaaagcacggtctttaattttcaccttctatttgcagctgggacttcatttatgcagagtatgtcgtagtagctggacatcatcatcgctcaattgtgtggcaggtgcctgtcatttcatttcccaaaaatggtgcaaaattgtctaattggtttgctaatgctaactactaaattcctaaagccacctagacaccggattcaaatttcttgatttttttttgagaaaactgttctctgtaatatcgttctttagttgcaagttgagactaattcagcccgttcaataaccatgcatttatgttggcatcaactgcagatagcagaagattattcacattgtgaattcttactacgactccctggatactgccctagtacgtctatatgtctgaatgaataatatatccaaagatcctgcatgttggtttgaagtactcgtgattaattctatcttctgcagtgcctgctttccgtgatgtcattgatgttcctcttgtggtgagaagattgcataaatctagatctgaggtgcgtacaactctgctggacaatgtttgctctgaacactcaacccatgttctcagttcttgatgacttaaaaaatctccatatatcaggtgaggaaggaattaggaattaaagatgatgttaaggtggtcattttcaactttggaggacaggtaaaccattaaatagcctgaatgttctttctcgtttatagatgctcgattttgttcaattaatggatgttagttgcatatttctgttaaatcatttttttttgaaagggctatatttatgttaaatcaatatgtccttttagaccagctaaggtttctgtctttctgctgttattggtagtcagtacaatccatagttgaatttgctaccatcttatgcaagtattgctgatgcaatgccattgtgatggtttcctcttcagcctgcaggatggaaactgaagaaagaatggctgcctgatggttggctctgtttggtatattttctttgaaactacgtgttttcttctctcttctttctctctctcttaataatgtctggacaacatttgtgaccaaattctattttcataaaggtatgtggtgcatctgaaactcaagagcttccaccaaatttcattaaacttgcaaaggacgcctatacacctgatttgatggcagcatctgactgcatgcttggtaaatacagtgctatattatctgtgttagggctatttaccgccttatttcttttctagaaatgtaacaattctgttggttgttgcatagggaaaattggatatggcactgtgagtgaggctttggcttacaagctgccatttgtatttgttcgtagagattatttcaatgaagagccgtttttgaggaatatgcttgaggttgaaacatctcgaagtatagtttcattttaagaattcgtacttatagagcatcagtcatgaaccttgatgtcctgttctatatcctcttttcttcctaataaacagcattatcaatgtggcgttgagatggtacggagggatttacttactggacactggaaaccttatctgcaacgtgctatgacacttcatccatgctatgatggtccaataaatggtggtgaggtaatgtccttacagttctcagatatgggtctgtgagggttgtttgggaactcaagctagtaaccatcttgtaaattttattttttttttatgatggctgatttttaaaactgaaataccatactagccataggttgaagttcatcctgaatcaattcttccgtaagtcatgaagagtcaactggatacttgcatcatgttttcctcaaaccagatgtgattcacagactttcttgattgcatttataatacaagataagctaataattattcgttcaggtggctgcacatatcctccaggacactgctgttggcaagaagtatatttctggcaaggtgagttactaacataaattgttgatacattattgttcagttgtaccttgaaactttcagataaaagtgagactttgatatcttcagttatctgtatttggtgtcgtatggaacttttgttgctttcatactacacatataaagtgataagttgaacataagtaaacacttctgccttttcttgtcatgttactcattaaaagcatttcacccctggaggtttttattaattcttttgctcaagaatattttttttatggaactgtccacctagttgctaattcccaattcagaacagaggatttatctactgctctggaacttgaaaacctatgaagttttaaagttacaagagttttttttttcacaacttctggacttagtatttgcactactctacaattacagttgagcggagcaagacgtttgcgtgatgccatagtgctaggatatcaactacaaagggctccagggagagatgtcggaattcctgactggtattctgtgtctgagaaagaaatcggtgttcgtccagcaccaacatatcatgaggttaatggaagtgcagagtcgtaagtttccatatcctttcttttcccctcataataacatgtactttatccaataacacactttatcatatccccgtccattcaaataattttgttttggtgtcagatcttttgaggacttcgagatactccatggggacatacaaggattaactgatacaatggcatttttaactagtttatcaggacttgttggaaatgatccaaggagccctgagaagcaatctcgagagagggttgctgcttctgttttctttgattgggaggtactatacaagcataaaaataatacactgatttttttgggaaactattgatatgttataggggaaaatcattttcgaatgatttattctgttgtaggaggaaatatatgttgcaagagcacctggacgtttagatgtcatgggtggcatcgcagattattcaggaagtcttgtattacaggtagtttcaaatgcaagagaaagtggcatttcttatagatgagccttcctgtaattccactatgtgataaaactttcacacaaatgatttcaaattttcaatatttaaagattcttcaattctgcatttgactatcattttagtttgtttctgtaactttccttgcatctcctcttgataccattgaaggtaggggttcctcctgcatgtattgtggaatgatatattgacatatacctggaaaactctgaatacatgcatgttctatagaccttcctacaattatttttagatagatgaataaatattatgtctccttgtaagttactaagttattgattgatttgatatatttaaaacataaagaaagtttcttttggcatatgcgattgacattgagatggtccaaattaccagatgcccattcgagaggcttgtcatgttgctattcagagaagtaatcctatgaagcagaagctatggaagcatacacaagctaggcaactagcaaatggcagagcagtgccgttgttacaaattgtatgttatttatcactaactctctaagcatcttcgcttaccttttcttatccttattatgcgttcttaaaacttaattcatttgacaaccaaagatgtagcatatatttagttggatgcttcacagctcatttggacgactgggatcttcttactaaatatgtctgtacaggtatcatttggttctgaattgagtaatcgtgcaccaacctttgatatggacctgtctgattttatggatggtgacaaaccaatatcctatgataaggccaaagaatatttctctcaggacccatcccaaaagtaagaaagatcgtttgttttactctataaaaatcataacttgtcatgcatattcattcttggttctggttcagatgggctgcatatgttgctggaacaatccttgtgttgatgaccgagctaggtgtggtcttcacagacagcatgagcattctggtaagctttgatcctttctgttttcaatcagaatgcagtaatatatgtaaaattccacctctttgtccagtttgtcacctttctcatattggggagataaagagatattcagaactcaaaaggaatattgtttattagtcacaaaaagaaaacagcatctttcacactttctccttccacattctaatcaatcaagtgtttccttccacattctaatcaatcaagtgttctaactcgaatgtttgtattggtcattcatgataattttatttgaatcctcaggtttcttcatcagttcctgaaggtaaaggtgtctcctcttctgcatcagtggaggttgccagtatgtctgctattgctgctgcctatggtaaacgattgacttgaacatctttgttgtaataatgccactattttctttcttttggttggatatctagttctgcagcagccaccactgttgcacatttaacttaactgggcgtgctagttgacatcaattcatgttcttgtcttggcttcaggtctaaatatccctccacgggatcttgccatactctgccaaaaggtaaagtactaataaatgaagggatatagcttcagaatgtggtaggtcttctattgcagagagtcattctttggtgactatgcaggttgagaatcgcattgttggagcaccttgtggtgtaatggatcaaatgacatctgcttgtggagaagctaacaaacttcttgcaatgatttgtcaggttagtaagggtacccagctcttggaggaagtagctaccagacccagtcattcctcagtccaactttgcatttcctctataattaattgatcaaattttgctgcagcctgcagaagtgaaagagttggtcagcattccaactcacattcgattttggggtcttgactctgggatacgacataggtaaatactttccatattgatatcttttgcaagattggttttattgttgggatgcatggtttggttttattgttgggatgcatagttaaccataatcttctttggttcatgcagtgttggtgggactgattatggctctgtaagggtaggcacttacatgggacgcaagatgatcaagtgtgctgcatctgatcttctttcagaatcattaccctcctgtcctcctattcaatcaggcaacacaaattctgatgaatacgaagaacatggtgtagatcttttgaaatctgaagcgtcgctggagtatttatgcaacctaccacctcataggtctcattaccttgatattgacagcaaattttatatggtccttcatagtgtatgccaggttttatgactttggcaaaatttcagatatgaagctgtttacgcgagagatattccagagatcataaccggggatgcatttttggagaagtatggagatcataatgatgcagtaacaactgttgacccaaaacgatcttactgtgtgaaggctcctactagacatcctatatacgagaacttccgagttgaggtttgatatcataaaaccagaatatctacacctctcgattcataatggctgttgatgagatccctgcatgttgttgtctgatgttctactgcttttgctgctttatcctcgttgtttgtatttttaaactttaaaataattctttgagatgtttgcaaatcagaaaactatcttgagagcgcatggttttcagaaccagctttattttttctccataaagaatagcttattcctttcactgatatttttgacacttgttatgcttctcacgtgtaggccttcaaagcattgctaacagcagccaaaacagttgagcaactttcggcccttggagaattgatgtatcaggtatctgtattacaaatgaaagcccagcactgtacatgttgattcacaaaattagcagtcagtggcactgcattgacccttttgttttctggcagtgccactacagctacaatgcttgtgggcttggttctgatggaaccgacaggcttgttaatatggtacaagaagtccagcacaggaagacctcacaggatggtggtcctagtttatttggtgcaaagataactggtggaggatctgggggctcggtttgtgtcattgggaaaaattgcttgaaaagcagtgaagagatttttgaggtattttcgacatcgttttttattgtcagttgtacacaatggatgaccataactacaaagatccaagataaaccctccaagagagttgtgattcaccataatgtttgcattttcatggtattgcatgctaacaaaatatcatttgttttcagattcagaagagatacaaagctgctaccgggtacctaccaattgttttcgagggctcatctccaggtgcaggcaagtttggatacctgaagattcgacggcgatccacatagccatcaatcagcctaactgaagatttggctgtattttaggtccacacaaacatttgtcaggaacctgaatattacctgttcatatggaacacatatcacatcatcccattatgtagtagtaataagctctctagttcatgcaataattctagtgattagtgcacctctggtgcagacttccattgtgtaagtgcagtatccagataataaaatggaagtctttagattgatgttctgcaatagctgatagcctcaacaccatccatttgcatgggtacacagtggctaccgacttcaactattggatcggaggctatgcatgcatcaaggagcagttgcatttgcaagggacaagacatggcttctgatcaagcagacagcagatgcaaactgggcattgtagagtagcagcatggccttctgttttcagatggcaagttgtgctaacctggagagatctgaatgttcagagagtaacacatccttttctccttttttggtagtatcaagcagctggatgatgatttcattcagccttatcatgaatagggcttagttagtgtattatctggaacaatcatttagcagaataattgatcagttagcttagctctagcttcttgttagagttttgttactgtttgcagaagttgatgccagaaagttgtctagaatcagagttatactgttgcctgac</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001052393.1 RefSeq:Os02g0141300]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 2]]
[[Category:Chromosome 2]]