Os12g0597000

2014-05-31T17:42:12Z

Shuimuxixia:

Class B enzyme calcineurin subunit (Calcineurin B-like, CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements.

==Annotated Information==

[[File:Table1.jpg|left|thumb|200px|'''Table1''' Amino acid similarity and identity of rice CBLs (OsCBL1–10) and Arabidopsis CBLs (AtCBL1–10). For each pairwise comparison, similarity values are followed by identity values in parentheses.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片1.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1''' Yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrates an interaction between OsCBLs and AtCIPKs. OsCBLs and AtCIPKs were translationally fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (BD) and activation domain (AD) as indicated. Nutritional reporter systems minus Leu plus Trp (−LT) and minus Leu, Trp, and His (−LHT) and filter-lift GAL assays were employed to examine the interaction between OsCBLs and AtCIPKs (A). A positive control showing the interaction of AtCBL1 with AtCIPK1 is shown in B.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片2.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 2''' OsCBL2 to 4 are localized to membranes. OsCBL1 to 4 were translationally fused to GFP and transiently expressed in barley aleurone protoplasts. The figure shows representative epifluorescence images (top) and bright-field images (bottom) of single, transformed cells. The unmagnified width of each image is approximately 40 μm.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片3.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 3''' Antisense OsCBL2 or HvCBL2delays the GA-induced vacuolation of barley aleurone protoplasts. Barley protoplasts were cotransfected with GFP andAsOsCBL2, GFP, andAsHvCBL2, or with GFP and empty cassette (pLZUbi) using the constructs diagrammed in A. The extent of vacuolation for individual protoplasts was scored using the five categories indicated in B. Vacuoles are seen as dark regions surrounded by bright regions of cytoplasm. The number of protoplasts in each category 48 h after transfection and 42 h after treatment with GA are shown in C forAsOsCBL2 and in D for AsHvCBL2.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片4.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 4''' Antisense OsCBL2 does not delay GA-induced transcription of GUS from anα-amylase promoter in rice half-grain. A diagram of the constructs introduced by particle bombardment is shown in A. Transcription of GUS from a GA-regulated α-amylase promoter was measured relative to expression of LUX (GUS:LUX ratio) driven by a constitutive ubiquitin promoter (B). Half-grains were incubated for 24 h without hormone (−GA) or with GA and the ratio of GUS-to-LUX expression determined in the presence and absence of the antisense construct.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片4-5.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 5''' OsCBL2 but not OsCBL1shows GA-specific up-regulation in embryoless rice half-grains. Total RNA was isolated from grains treated with ABA or GA (A) or no hormone (B) for the indicated times. Note that changes in mRNA abundance reflect changes occurring in the aleurone layer.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片1-6.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 6''' The rice calcineurin B-like gene OsCBL2 is up-regulated by GA treatment of rice aleurone layers. Transcript abundance of OsCBL2 (black circles) and actin (white circles) as measured by hybridization to a rice oligonucleotide chip (A). Total RNA was extracted from embryoless rice half-grains treated with GA, ABA, or no hormone for the indicated time. Expression of GA-induced α-amylase, RAmy1A (B), and ABA-induced dehydrin (C) genes in the same chip experiment are shown for comparison.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片3-7.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 7''' OsCBL2 is expressed in many rice organs and at all stages of rice plant development. Data are pooled from individual microarray experiments where each radius in the figure represents a separate experiment. RNA samples were pooled prior to hybridization to the chip, and the data are presented as normalized intensity values.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片5-8.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 8''' OsCBLs are expressed in rice seedling tissues. Total RNA was isolated from scutella, shoots, and roots of 1-week-old rice seedlings. RNA blots were probed with gene-specific probes for OsCBL1 to3. Hybridization to actin was used as a loading control.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片6-9.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 9''' Expression of OsCBL2 in wild-type rice grain is higher than expression in d1 mutant grain. Total RNA was extracted from embryoless wild-type rice grain or d1mutant grain treated with 0.1 or 5 μM GA for 0, 3, or 8 h. RNA abundance of OsCBL2was determined using microarray (A and B) or northern (C) analysis. The abundance of rice RAmy1Awas also determined using the microarray (B).(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]

===Function===
Many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements. RNA profiling using a rice (Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare) oligonucleotide microarray was used to monitor gene expression in de-embryonated rice grains. This analysis showed that a putative rice CBL gene responded to gibberellic acid, but not abscisic acid, treatment. The CBL gene family in rice contains at least 10 genes and these have extensive similarity to the CBLs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assays, rice CBLs interact with the kinase partners of Arabidopsis CBLs. Only one rice CBL gene, OsCBL2, is up-regulated by GA in the aleurone layer.<ref name="ref1" />

'''OsCBLs Interact with AtCIPKs'''

We used the yeast two-hybrid system to demonstrate that rice CBLs interact with AtCIPKs. OsCBL1 to 4 were fused to the binding domain of GAL4, whereasAtCIPK1, 6, and 8 were fused to the activation domain of GAL4. Figure 1A shows the growth of yeast on selection medium and the corresponding assay for β-galactosidase when these different OsCBLs and AtCIPKs were used as bait and prey. As expected, the positive control showed interaction between AtCBL1 and AtCIPK1 (Fig. 1B)<ref name="ref2" />. OsCBL2, which has 74% amino acid similarity with AtCBL1 (Table I), also had a strong interaction with AtCIPK1. Like AtCBL1<ref name="ref3" />, OsCBL2 interacted strongly with AtCIPK8 and weakly with AtCIPK6. OsCBL4 also interacted strongly with AtCIPK1 and 8, but unlike OsCBL2, it did not interact with AtCIPK6. OsCBL1 and 3 both interacted with all three of the Arabidopsis CIPKs examined. These data provide evidence that OsCBL1 to 4 proteins are functional homologs of Arabidopsis CBL proteins.

Specificity for rice CBL function is likely to arise from differences in intracellular localization and different timing of expression. We show here that OsCBL2 and 3are targeted to the TN, and OsCBL4 to the PM (Fig. 2). Even though both OsCBL2 and 3 are targeted to the TN, their roles may be distinguished by the timing of their expression. For example, OsCBL2 is expressed in aleurone during germination, but OsCBL3 was not detectable in this tissue under the conditions that we have tested. OsCBL2 may be involved in vacuole function since transformation of aleurone protoplasts with an antisense construct of OsCBL2 orHvCBL2 slowed the rate of GA-induced vacuolation (Fig. 3), but not GA-induced transcription of an α-amylase reporter construct (Fig. 4).

===Expression===
OsCBL2 high expression in booting culms, young spikes, seedling roots and shoots. Expression of OsCBL2 is not induced by salt, drought, cold or ABA treatment. Although both OsCBL1 and 2 were expressed in rice half-grains, OsCBL2 was specifically up-regulated by GA (Fig. 5). GeneChip and RNA blotting experiments showed that OsCBL2 was most strongly expressed in aleurone and root and, using an expression intensity value of 50 as a cutoff, it is clear thatOsCBL2 is expressed in most tissues of the rice plant.

In aleurone cells, GA stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes including α-amylase, promotes the vacuolation of the aleurone protoplast, and initiates programmed cell death. All of these processes require an increase in [Ca2+]cyt. Here we show that the expression of one gene in the rice CBL family is up-regulated in aleurone by GA, but not by ABA. We show that other rice CBLs are not differentially expressed by GA and ABA in aleurone or in vegetative tissues of the shoot or root. We present data showing that OsCBL2 is localized to the aleurone tonoplast (TN), and transient expression assays with rice and barley CBLs in barley aleurone cells indicate that they are likely to be involved in a GA-signaling pathway that leads to the vacuolation of the aleurone cell.<ref name="ref1" />

'''Hormone and Tissue-Specific Expression of OsCBLs'''

Only OsCBL2 contains the probe sequences found on the rice GeneChip microarray. It is therefore highly likely that the GA-regulated CBL identified in our microarray experiments (Fig. 6) is OsCBL2. We used the GeneChip microarray to quantitate the expression of OsCBL2 in the tissues of rice cv Nipponbare at all stages of development. These data are presented in Figure 7, where GeneChip intensity values for each tissue or organ are plotted with higher values farther from the center of the figure. OsCBL2 is expressed at high levels in roots of seedlings and tillering plants, during early stages of panicle and seed formation, and in the aleurone of mature grain. Expression of OsCBL2 was lowest in mature leaves and stems and in the emerging inflorescence shoot (Fig. 7).

To investigate the expression of OsCBLs in germinating Nipponbare rice seedling tissues, RNA was isolated from scutellum, shoots, and roots of 7-d-old seedlings and northern blots were hybridized with gene-specific probes for OsCBL1 to 3(Fig. 8). OsCBL2 is expressed in all rice seedling tissues and this confirmed the analysis made with the GeneChip array (Fig. 7). RNA blotting also confirmed thatOsCBL2 mRNA was abundant in roots relative to shoots and scutella, whereas theOsCBL1 transcript was more abundant in shoots than in roots and the OsCBL3transcript was abundant in both root and shoot tissue (Fig. 8). OsCBL4 and 7 were not expressed strongly enough in tissues of 7-d-old seedlings to be detected.<ref name="ref1" />

'''GA-Induced Expression of OsCBL2 Is Reduced in the Aleurone Layer of dwarf1 Mutant Rice'''

We also used RNA profiling and northern blotting to see whether GA-induced expression of OsCBL2 in aleurone cells was dependent on a signaling pathway that utilizes heterotrimeric G-proteins. For these experiments, RNA was isolated from half-grains of wild-type and dwarf1 (d1) mutant rice. The d1 rice mutant lacks the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins and shows a defective GA response, except at high GA concentrations<ref name="ref4" />. In the experiment shown in Figure 9A, there was a 3-fold increase in OsCBL2 expression in wild-type rice aleurone after 8-h incubation at a high (5 μM) GA concentration. When wild-type half-grains were incubated with a low (100 nM) GA concentration,OSCBL2 expression was still almost twice as high as that at time zero (Fig. 9A). Expression of OsCBL2 in d1 half-grains, however, was much reduced at 5 μM GA compared to wild type, and transcript abundance was virtually unchanged following 8-h incubation with 100 nM GA (Fig. 9A). Similar changes in expression were observed for α-amylase in d1 and wild-type rice half-grains (Fig. 9B). Thus, there was virtually no change in the expression of the RAmy1A gene at low GA concentrations in d1 rice, whereas in wild-type rice grain low GA brought about a large change in RAmy1A expression (Fig. 9B). RNA blotting was used to confirm the microarray data on CBL expression as shown in Figure 9C. Expression ofOsCBL2 was observed in wild-type aleurone and the d1 mutant at 5 μM GA, butOsCBL2 transcript could not be detected in the d1 mutant at 100 nM GA.<ref name="ref1" />

===Mutation===
The amount of OsCBL2 transcript was increased specifically by GA treatment in rice aleurone (Figs.5,6, and 9). Using microarray analyses and RNA blots, we show that the up-regulation ofOsCBL2 expression occurs within 3 h of GA treatment and persists for at least 48 h (Figs.5,6, and 9). Data from experiments with the d1 mutant of rice strongly suggest that OsCBL2 transcription is part of a GA-signaling pathway that involves the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Fig. 9).

OsCBL2 expression in aleurone is specifically up-regulated by GA (Figs. 5 and 6). Transcript abundance was unchanged when rice half-grains were incubated with ABA or no hormone, or when seedlings were exposed to various stresses. Perhaps more interesting is our observation that correct expression of OsCBL2 in aleurone protoplasts seems to be required for proper vacuolation (Fig. 3). When barley aleurone protoplasts were transiently transformed with antisense constructs forOsCBL2 or HvCBL2 (Fig. 3, C and D), vacuolation was retarded. This was a specific effect in that AsOsCBL2 did not inhibit transcription from an α-amylase promoter (Fig. 4). One interpretation of these data is that OsCBL2 interacts with one or more proteins in aleurone cells, and that an insufficient amount of OsCBL2 leads to a defect in vacuole function. For example, OsCBL2 may activate a CIPK and the OsCBL2/CIPK complex may promote vacuole fusion and enlargement. AntisenseOsCBL2 would reduce the amount of OsCBL2 and prevent the formation of the active OsCBL/CIPK complex. This speculation is consistent with our previous data showing that a Ser/Thr protein kinase present on the TN in barley aleurone protoplasts is involved in the gating of a Ca2+-regulated ion channel<ref name="ref5" />.

===Knowledge Extension===
A homolog with 91% sequence identity to OsCBL2 was cloned from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya), and designated HvCBL2. We examined the localization and function of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 in rice and barley aleurone because changes in cytosolic calcium have been implicated in the response of the aleurone cell to GA. Green fluorescent protein translational fusions of OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were localized to the tonoplast of aleurone cell protein storage vacuoles and OsCBL4-green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Data from experiments using antisense expression of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 are consistent with a role for OsCBL2 in promoting vacuolation of barley aleurone cells following treatment with GA.<ref name="ref1" />

Calcium-binding proteins with similarity to calcineurin B have been cloned recently from plants <ref name="ref6" />. These calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) contain calcium-binding EF hands and are similar to the regulatory B-subunit of calcineurin and to the neuronal calcium sensor <ref name="ref7" />. CBLs, therefore, have the potential to transduce [Ca2+]cyt signals and are thought to play roles in stress and hormone signaling in plants <ref name="ref8" />. The first CBL gene to be cloned was a salt overly sensitive (SOS) gene from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that was designatedSOS3 . SOS3 is identical to AtCLB4, a salt-responsive CBL gene cloned independently from Arabidopsis <ref name="ref9" />. At least 10 expressed CBL genes and proteins from Arabidopsis have now been identified, and many CBL genes are present in the sequenced rice (Oryza sativa) genome<ref name="ref10" />.

Microarray analyses were used as a tool to identify novel GA-signaling components in cereal aleurone layers. OsCBL2 was identified in those gene discovery experiments (Fig. 6). Extensive research has shown that GA-signaling pathways in cereal aleurone cells can be separated into calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways. GA-stimulated transcription of α-amylase genes, for example, is on the calcium-independent pathway, and vacuolation is on the calcium-dependent pathway <ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref12" />. Because OsCBL1 to 10 have four motifs predicted to be the Ca2+-binding regions of EF hands, some rice CBLs may be signal transduction elements that participate in calcium-dependent signaling. The data presented here for OsCBL2, in particular, are consistent with this speculation.

==Labs working on this gene==
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720–3102 (Y.-s.H., P.C.B., Y.H.C., R.L.J.); and Torrey Mesa Research Institute, Syngenta Research and Technology, San Diego, California 92121 (H.-S.C., T.Z.);
State key lab of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China

==Structured Information==
The OsCBL proteins appear to be rather conserved in structure, each harboring four EF-hand domains. Interestingly, the size of the linker region between the EF-hand domains is absolutely conserved in all proteins and appears to be unique to this family of calcium sensor proteins. Size variation of CBL proteins is therefore exclusively caused by extension or reduction of the N-and C-terminal regions. This might suggest a conserved three-dimensional structure of all rice CBLs. However, some of the EF-hands differ significantly from the canonical EF-hand domain<ref name="ref13" /><ref name="ref14" />. Especially, like in SOS3 (AtCBL4) <ref name="ref15" /> and AtCBL2 <ref name="ref16" />, the sequence of EF1 differs markedly from that of classical EF-hand. EF1 lacks highly conserved Asp residue at the position 1, and three residues are inserted between positions 1 and positions 3. In addition, the oxygen donor at position 3 is replaced by a hydrophobic or basic amino acid residue for EF1 and for EF2, EF3 and EF4, respectively. These differences in the EF hand composition in individual CBLs could lead to different affinities toward calcium ions. Whether such differences in calcium-binding affinity contribute to deciphering the different calcium signals in response to various environmental stimuli awaits further experimental analyses<ref name="ref17" />.

==References==
<references>
<ref name="ref1"> Hwang Y S, Bethke P C, Cheong Y H, Chang H S, Zhu T, Jones R L. A gibberellin-regulated calcineurin B in rice localizes to the tonoplast and is implicated in vacuole function[J]. Plant Physiol, 2005, 138: 1347-1358</ref>
<ref name="ref2"> Kim KN, Cheong YH, Gupta R, Luan S (2000) Interaction specificity of Arabidopsis calcineurin B-like calcium sensors and their target kinases. Plant Physiol 124: 1844–1853</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Kolukisaoglu U, Weinl S, Blazevic D, Batistic O, Kudla J (2004) Calcium sensors and their interacting protein kinases: genomics of the Arabidopsis and rice CBL-CIPK signaling networks. Plant Physiol 134: 43–58</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Fujisawa Y, Kobayashi M, Ashikari M, Iwasaki Y, Kitano H, Matsuoka M (2000) Rice dwarf mutant d1, which is defective in the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, affects gibberellin signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11638–11643 </ref>
<ref name="ref5">Bethke PC, Jones RL (1997) Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates the activity of the slow-vacuolar ion channel. Plant J 11: 1227–1235</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Shi JR, Kim KN, Ritz O, Albrecht V, Gupta R, Harter K, Luan S, Kudla J (1999) Novel protein kinases associated with calcineurin B-like calcium sensors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 11: 2393–2405</ref>
<ref name="ref7">Liu J, Zhu J-K (1998) A calcium sensor homolog required for plant salt tolerance. Science 280: 1943–1945</ref>
<ref name="ref8">Luan S, Kudla J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Yalovsky S, Gruissem W(2002) Calmodulins and calcineurin B-like proteins: calcium sensors for specific signal response coupling in plants. Plant Cell (Suppl) 14: S389–S400</ref>
<ref name="ref9">Kim KN, Cheong YH, Gupta R, Luan S (2000) Interaction specificity of Arabidopsis calcineurin B-like calcium sensors and their target kinases. Plant Physiol 124: 1844–1853</ref>
<ref name="ref10">Kolukisaoglu U, Weinl S, Blazevic D, Batistic O, Kudla J (2004) Calcium sensors and their interacting protein kinases: genomics of the Arabidopsis and rice CBL-CIPK signaling networks. Plant Physiol 134: 43–58</ref>
<ref name="ref11">Deikman J, Jones R (1985) Control of α-amylase mRNA accumulation by gibberellic acid and calcium in barley aleurone layers. Plant Physiol 78: 192–198</ref>
<ref name="ref12">Gilroy S (1996) Signal transduction in barley aleurone protoplasts is calcium dependent and independent. Plant Cell 8: 2193–2209</ref>
<ref name="ref13">P.V. Sathyanarayanan, B.W. Poovaiah Decoding Ca2+ signal in plants Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 23 (2004), pp. 1–11</ref>
<ref name="ref14">M.J. Sanchez-Barrena, M. Martinez-Ripoll, J.K. Zhu, A. Albert The structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana SOS3: molecular mechanism of sensing calcium for salt stress response J. Mol. Biol., 345 (2005), pp. 1253–1264</ref>
<ref name="ref15">M.J. Sanchez-Barrena, M. Martinez-Ripoll, J.K. Zhu, A. Albert The structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana SOS3: molecular mechanism of sensing calcium for salt stress response J. Mol. Biol., 345 (2005), pp. 1253–1264</ref>
<ref name="ref16">M. Nagae et al. The crystal structure of the novel calcium-binding protein AtCBL2 fromArabidopsis thaliana J. Biol. Chem., 278 (2003), pp. 42240–42246</ref>
<ref name="ref17">Yong-sic Hwang, Paul C. Bethke, Yong Hwa Cheong, Hur-Song Chang, Tong Zhu, Russell L. Jones. A Gibberellin-Regulated Calcineurin B in Rice Localizes to the Tonoplast and Is Implicated in Vacuole Function Plant Physiology, 2005, 138(3): 1347-1358</ref>

{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os12g0597000|
Description = Similar to Calcineurin B-like protein 2 (SOS3-like calcium binding protein 1)|
Version = NM_001073722.2 GI:297613475 GeneID:4352701|
Length = 4999 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os12g0597000, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 12|Chromosome 12]]|
AP = Chromosome 12:25266920..25271918|
CDS = 25267406..25267526,25267658..25267740,25267878..25267937,25269012..25269120,25269336..25269388 ,25269882..25269962,25270570..25270682,25271403..25271460|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008405:25266920..25271918
source=RiceChromosome12
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008405:25266920..25271918
source=RiceChromosome12
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atggtgcagtgtctcgacggggtgaggcagctgctggcggtcgtgttcaagtgctgcgacctcgagctgaagcagccgcgggggctcgaggatccccaggtcctcgcgagggagaccgtcttcagcgtgagcgaggtcgaggcgctgtacgagctcttcaagaagataagcagtgctgtgattgatgacgggctgattaacaaggaggagtttcagttggcgctgttcaagaccagcaagaaggagagcctgttcgccgaccgtgtatttgatttgtttgacacaaaacacaatggaattttaggatttgatgaatttgctcgtgcactctcagtatttcatccaagtgctccacttgatgagaagattgacttttcattccagttatatgatctcaagcaacaaggctatattgagagacaagaggttaagcagatggttgttgctacacttgctgagtctggaatgaatctttctgatgaaattatagagagcataatcgataagacatttgaggaggcagacacaaagcatgatggaagaattgataaagaagagtggcgcaatctggttcttcgtcatccctctttgctgaagaacatgactctccagtacctcaaggacatcaccactacatttccaagctttgtcttccattcccaggtcgatgacacctga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MVQCLDGVRQLLAVVFKCCDLELKQPRGLEDPQVLARETVFSVS EVEALYELFKKISSAVIDDGLINKEEFQLALFKTSKKESLFADRVFDLFDTKHNGILG FDEFARALSVFHPSAPLDEKIDFSFQLYDLKQQGYIERQEVKQMVVATLAESGMNLSD EIIESIIDKTFEEADTKHDGRIDKEEWRNLVLRHPSLLKNMTLQYLKDITTTFPSFVF HSQVDDT</aaseq>|
DNA = 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Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001073722.2 RefSeq:Os12g0597000]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 12]]
[[Category:Chromosome 12]]

Os12g0597000

2014-05-31T17:41:44Z

Shuimuxixia:

Class B enzyme calcineurin subunit (Calcineurin B-like, CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements.

==Annotated Information==

[[File:Table1.jpg|left|thumb|200px|'''Table1''' Amino acid similarity and identity of rice CBLs (OsCBL1–10) and Arabidopsis CBLs (AtCBL1–10). For each pairwise comparison, similarity values are followed by identity values in parentheses.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片1.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1''' Yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrates an interaction between OsCBLs and AtCIPKs. OsCBLs and AtCIPKs were translationally fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (BD) and activation domain (AD) as indicated. Nutritional reporter systems minus Leu plus Trp (−LT) and minus Leu, Trp, and His (−LHT) and filter-lift GAL assays were employed to examine the interaction between OsCBLs and AtCIPKs (A). A positive control showing the interaction of AtCBL1 with AtCIPK1 is shown in B.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片2.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 2''' OsCBL2 to 4 are localized to membranes. OsCBL1 to 4 were translationally fused to GFP and transiently expressed in barley aleurone protoplasts. The figure shows representative epifluorescence images (top) and bright-field images (bottom) of single, transformed cells. The unmagnified width of each image is approximately 40 μm.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片9-3.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 3''' Antisense OsCBL2 or HvCBL2delays the GA-induced vacuolation of barley aleurone protoplasts. Barley protoplasts were cotransfected with GFP andAsOsCBL2, GFP, andAsHvCBL2, or with GFP and empty cassette (pLZUbi) using the constructs diagrammed in A. The extent of vacuolation for individual protoplasts was scored using the five categories indicated in B. Vacuoles are seen as dark regions surrounded by bright regions of cytoplasm. The number of protoplasts in each category 48 h after transfection and 42 h after treatment with GA are shown in C forAsOsCBL2 and in D for AsHvCBL2.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片4.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Figure 4''' Antisense OsCBL2 does not delay GA-induced transcription of GUS from anα-amylase promoter in rice half-grain. A diagram of the constructs introduced by particle bombardment is shown in A. Transcription of GUS from a GA-regulated α-amylase promoter was measured relative to expression of LUX (GUS:LUX ratio) driven by a constitutive ubiquitin promoter (B). Half-grains were incubated for 24 h without hormone (−GA) or with GA and the ratio of GUS-to-LUX expression determined in the presence and absence of the antisense construct.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片4-5.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 5''' OsCBL2 but not OsCBL1shows GA-specific up-regulation in embryoless rice half-grains. Total RNA was isolated from grains treated with ABA or GA (A) or no hormone (B) for the indicated times. Note that changes in mRNA abundance reflect changes occurring in the aleurone layer.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片1-6.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 6''' The rice calcineurin B-like gene OsCBL2 is up-regulated by GA treatment of rice aleurone layers. Transcript abundance of OsCBL2 (black circles) and actin (white circles) as measured by hybridization to a rice oligonucleotide chip (A). Total RNA was extracted from embryoless rice half-grains treated with GA, ABA, or no hormone for the indicated time. Expression of GA-induced α-amylase, RAmy1A (B), and ABA-induced dehydrin (C) genes in the same chip experiment are shown for comparison.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片3-7.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 7''' OsCBL2 is expressed in many rice organs and at all stages of rice plant development. Data are pooled from individual microarray experiments where each radius in the figure represents a separate experiment. RNA samples were pooled prior to hybridization to the chip, and the data are presented as normalized intensity values.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片5-8.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 8''' OsCBLs are expressed in rice seedling tissues. Total RNA was isolated from scutella, shoots, and roots of 1-week-old rice seedlings. RNA blots were probed with gene-specific probes for OsCBL1 to3. Hybridization to actin was used as a loading control.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片6-9.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 9''' Expression of OsCBL2 in wild-type rice grain is higher than expression in d1 mutant grain. Total RNA was extracted from embryoless wild-type rice grain or d1mutant grain treated with 0.1 or 5 μM GA for 0, 3, or 8 h. RNA abundance of OsCBL2was determined using microarray (A and B) or northern (C) analysis. The abundance of rice RAmy1Awas also determined using the microarray (B).(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]

===Function===
Many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements. RNA profiling using a rice (Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare) oligonucleotide microarray was used to monitor gene expression in de-embryonated rice grains. This analysis showed that a putative rice CBL gene responded to gibberellic acid, but not abscisic acid, treatment. The CBL gene family in rice contains at least 10 genes and these have extensive similarity to the CBLs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assays, rice CBLs interact with the kinase partners of Arabidopsis CBLs. Only one rice CBL gene, OsCBL2, is up-regulated by GA in the aleurone layer.<ref name="ref1" />

'''OsCBLs Interact with AtCIPKs'''

We used the yeast two-hybrid system to demonstrate that rice CBLs interact with AtCIPKs. OsCBL1 to 4 were fused to the binding domain of GAL4, whereasAtCIPK1, 6, and 8 were fused to the activation domain of GAL4. Figure 1A shows the growth of yeast on selection medium and the corresponding assay for β-galactosidase when these different OsCBLs and AtCIPKs were used as bait and prey. As expected, the positive control showed interaction between AtCBL1 and AtCIPK1 (Fig. 1B)<ref name="ref2" />. OsCBL2, which has 74% amino acid similarity with AtCBL1 (Table I), also had a strong interaction with AtCIPK1. Like AtCBL1<ref name="ref3" />, OsCBL2 interacted strongly with AtCIPK8 and weakly with AtCIPK6. OsCBL4 also interacted strongly with AtCIPK1 and 8, but unlike OsCBL2, it did not interact with AtCIPK6. OsCBL1 and 3 both interacted with all three of the Arabidopsis CIPKs examined. These data provide evidence that OsCBL1 to 4 proteins are functional homologs of Arabidopsis CBL proteins.

Specificity for rice CBL function is likely to arise from differences in intracellular localization and different timing of expression. We show here that OsCBL2 and 3are targeted to the TN, and OsCBL4 to the PM (Fig. 2). Even though both OsCBL2 and 3 are targeted to the TN, their roles may be distinguished by the timing of their expression. For example, OsCBL2 is expressed in aleurone during germination, but OsCBL3 was not detectable in this tissue under the conditions that we have tested. OsCBL2 may be involved in vacuole function since transformation of aleurone protoplasts with an antisense construct of OsCBL2 orHvCBL2 slowed the rate of GA-induced vacuolation (Fig. 3), but not GA-induced transcription of an α-amylase reporter construct (Fig. 4).

===Expression===
OsCBL2 high expression in booting culms, young spikes, seedling roots and shoots. Expression of OsCBL2 is not induced by salt, drought, cold or ABA treatment. Although both OsCBL1 and 2 were expressed in rice half-grains, OsCBL2 was specifically up-regulated by GA (Fig. 5). GeneChip and RNA blotting experiments showed that OsCBL2 was most strongly expressed in aleurone and root and, using an expression intensity value of 50 as a cutoff, it is clear thatOsCBL2 is expressed in most tissues of the rice plant.

In aleurone cells, GA stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes including α-amylase, promotes the vacuolation of the aleurone protoplast, and initiates programmed cell death. All of these processes require an increase in [Ca2+]cyt. Here we show that the expression of one gene in the rice CBL family is up-regulated in aleurone by GA, but not by ABA. We show that other rice CBLs are not differentially expressed by GA and ABA in aleurone or in vegetative tissues of the shoot or root. We present data showing that OsCBL2 is localized to the aleurone tonoplast (TN), and transient expression assays with rice and barley CBLs in barley aleurone cells indicate that they are likely to be involved in a GA-signaling pathway that leads to the vacuolation of the aleurone cell.<ref name="ref1" />

'''Hormone and Tissue-Specific Expression of OsCBLs'''

Only OsCBL2 contains the probe sequences found on the rice GeneChip microarray. It is therefore highly likely that the GA-regulated CBL identified in our microarray experiments (Fig. 6) is OsCBL2. We used the GeneChip microarray to quantitate the expression of OsCBL2 in the tissues of rice cv Nipponbare at all stages of development. These data are presented in Figure 7, where GeneChip intensity values for each tissue or organ are plotted with higher values farther from the center of the figure. OsCBL2 is expressed at high levels in roots of seedlings and tillering plants, during early stages of panicle and seed formation, and in the aleurone of mature grain. Expression of OsCBL2 was lowest in mature leaves and stems and in the emerging inflorescence shoot (Fig. 7).

To investigate the expression of OsCBLs in germinating Nipponbare rice seedling tissues, RNA was isolated from scutellum, shoots, and roots of 7-d-old seedlings and northern blots were hybridized with gene-specific probes for OsCBL1 to 3(Fig. 8). OsCBL2 is expressed in all rice seedling tissues and this confirmed the analysis made with the GeneChip array (Fig. 7). RNA blotting also confirmed thatOsCBL2 mRNA was abundant in roots relative to shoots and scutella, whereas theOsCBL1 transcript was more abundant in shoots than in roots and the OsCBL3transcript was abundant in both root and shoot tissue (Fig. 8). OsCBL4 and 7 were not expressed strongly enough in tissues of 7-d-old seedlings to be detected.<ref name="ref1" />

'''GA-Induced Expression of OsCBL2 Is Reduced in the Aleurone Layer of dwarf1 Mutant Rice'''

We also used RNA profiling and northern blotting to see whether GA-induced expression of OsCBL2 in aleurone cells was dependent on a signaling pathway that utilizes heterotrimeric G-proteins. For these experiments, RNA was isolated from half-grains of wild-type and dwarf1 (d1) mutant rice. The d1 rice mutant lacks the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins and shows a defective GA response, except at high GA concentrations<ref name="ref4" />. In the experiment shown in Figure 9A, there was a 3-fold increase in OsCBL2 expression in wild-type rice aleurone after 8-h incubation at a high (5 μM) GA concentration. When wild-type half-grains were incubated with a low (100 nM) GA concentration,OSCBL2 expression was still almost twice as high as that at time zero (Fig. 9A). Expression of OsCBL2 in d1 half-grains, however, was much reduced at 5 μM GA compared to wild type, and transcript abundance was virtually unchanged following 8-h incubation with 100 nM GA (Fig. 9A). Similar changes in expression were observed for α-amylase in d1 and wild-type rice half-grains (Fig. 9B). Thus, there was virtually no change in the expression of the RAmy1A gene at low GA concentrations in d1 rice, whereas in wild-type rice grain low GA brought about a large change in RAmy1A expression (Fig. 9B). RNA blotting was used to confirm the microarray data on CBL expression as shown in Figure 9C. Expression ofOsCBL2 was observed in wild-type aleurone and the d1 mutant at 5 μM GA, butOsCBL2 transcript could not be detected in the d1 mutant at 100 nM GA.<ref name="ref1" />

===Mutation===
The amount of OsCBL2 transcript was increased specifically by GA treatment in rice aleurone (Figs.5,6, and 9). Using microarray analyses and RNA blots, we show that the up-regulation ofOsCBL2 expression occurs within 3 h of GA treatment and persists for at least 48 h (Figs.5,6, and 9). Data from experiments with the d1 mutant of rice strongly suggest that OsCBL2 transcription is part of a GA-signaling pathway that involves the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Fig. 9).

OsCBL2 expression in aleurone is specifically up-regulated by GA (Figs. 5 and 6). Transcript abundance was unchanged when rice half-grains were incubated with ABA or no hormone, or when seedlings were exposed to various stresses. Perhaps more interesting is our observation that correct expression of OsCBL2 in aleurone protoplasts seems to be required for proper vacuolation (Fig. 3). When barley aleurone protoplasts were transiently transformed with antisense constructs forOsCBL2 or HvCBL2 (Fig. 3, C and D), vacuolation was retarded. This was a specific effect in that AsOsCBL2 did not inhibit transcription from an α-amylase promoter (Fig. 4). One interpretation of these data is that OsCBL2 interacts with one or more proteins in aleurone cells, and that an insufficient amount of OsCBL2 leads to a defect in vacuole function. For example, OsCBL2 may activate a CIPK and the OsCBL2/CIPK complex may promote vacuole fusion and enlargement. AntisenseOsCBL2 would reduce the amount of OsCBL2 and prevent the formation of the active OsCBL/CIPK complex. This speculation is consistent with our previous data showing that a Ser/Thr protein kinase present on the TN in barley aleurone protoplasts is involved in the gating of a Ca2+-regulated ion channel<ref name="ref5" />.

===Knowledge Extension===
A homolog with 91% sequence identity to OsCBL2 was cloned from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya), and designated HvCBL2. We examined the localization and function of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 in rice and barley aleurone because changes in cytosolic calcium have been implicated in the response of the aleurone cell to GA. Green fluorescent protein translational fusions of OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were localized to the tonoplast of aleurone cell protein storage vacuoles and OsCBL4-green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Data from experiments using antisense expression of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 are consistent with a role for OsCBL2 in promoting vacuolation of barley aleurone cells following treatment with GA.<ref name="ref1" />

Calcium-binding proteins with similarity to calcineurin B have been cloned recently from plants <ref name="ref6" />. These calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) contain calcium-binding EF hands and are similar to the regulatory B-subunit of calcineurin and to the neuronal calcium sensor <ref name="ref7" />. CBLs, therefore, have the potential to transduce [Ca2+]cyt signals and are thought to play roles in stress and hormone signaling in plants <ref name="ref8" />. The first CBL gene to be cloned was a salt overly sensitive (SOS) gene from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that was designatedSOS3 . SOS3 is identical to AtCLB4, a salt-responsive CBL gene cloned independently from Arabidopsis <ref name="ref9" />. At least 10 expressed CBL genes and proteins from Arabidopsis have now been identified, and many CBL genes are present in the sequenced rice (Oryza sativa) genome<ref name="ref10" />.

Microarray analyses were used as a tool to identify novel GA-signaling components in cereal aleurone layers. OsCBL2 was identified in those gene discovery experiments (Fig. 6). Extensive research has shown that GA-signaling pathways in cereal aleurone cells can be separated into calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways. GA-stimulated transcription of α-amylase genes, for example, is on the calcium-independent pathway, and vacuolation is on the calcium-dependent pathway <ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref12" />. Because OsCBL1 to 10 have four motifs predicted to be the Ca2+-binding regions of EF hands, some rice CBLs may be signal transduction elements that participate in calcium-dependent signaling. The data presented here for OsCBL2, in particular, are consistent with this speculation.

==Labs working on this gene==
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720–3102 (Y.-s.H., P.C.B., Y.H.C., R.L.J.); and Torrey Mesa Research Institute, Syngenta Research and Technology, San Diego, California 92121 (H.-S.C., T.Z.);
State key lab of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China

==Structured Information==
The OsCBL proteins appear to be rather conserved in structure, each harboring four EF-hand domains. Interestingly, the size of the linker region between the EF-hand domains is absolutely conserved in all proteins and appears to be unique to this family of calcium sensor proteins. Size variation of CBL proteins is therefore exclusively caused by extension or reduction of the N-and C-terminal regions. This might suggest a conserved three-dimensional structure of all rice CBLs. However, some of the EF-hands differ significantly from the canonical EF-hand domain<ref name="ref13" /><ref name="ref14" />. Especially, like in SOS3 (AtCBL4) <ref name="ref15" /> and AtCBL2 <ref name="ref16" />, the sequence of EF1 differs markedly from that of classical EF-hand. EF1 lacks highly conserved Asp residue at the position 1, and three residues are inserted between positions 1 and positions 3. In addition, the oxygen donor at position 3 is replaced by a hydrophobic or basic amino acid residue for EF1 and for EF2, EF3 and EF4, respectively. These differences in the EF hand composition in individual CBLs could lead to different affinities toward calcium ions. Whether such differences in calcium-binding affinity contribute to deciphering the different calcium signals in response to various environmental stimuli awaits further experimental analyses<ref name="ref17" />.

==References==
<references>
<ref name="ref1"> Hwang Y S, Bethke P C, Cheong Y H, Chang H S, Zhu T, Jones R L. A gibberellin-regulated calcineurin B in rice localizes to the tonoplast and is implicated in vacuole function[J]. Plant Physiol, 2005, 138: 1347-1358</ref>
<ref name="ref2"> Kim KN, Cheong YH, Gupta R, Luan S (2000) Interaction specificity of Arabidopsis calcineurin B-like calcium sensors and their target kinases. Plant Physiol 124: 1844–1853</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Kolukisaoglu U, Weinl S, Blazevic D, Batistic O, Kudla J (2004) Calcium sensors and their interacting protein kinases: genomics of the Arabidopsis and rice CBL-CIPK signaling networks. Plant Physiol 134: 43–58</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Fujisawa Y, Kobayashi M, Ashikari M, Iwasaki Y, Kitano H, Matsuoka M (2000) Rice dwarf mutant d1, which is defective in the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, affects gibberellin signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11638–11643 </ref>
<ref name="ref5">Bethke PC, Jones RL (1997) Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates the activity of the slow-vacuolar ion channel. Plant J 11: 1227–1235</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Shi JR, Kim KN, Ritz O, Albrecht V, Gupta R, Harter K, Luan S, Kudla J (1999) Novel protein kinases associated with calcineurin B-like calcium sensors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 11: 2393–2405</ref>
<ref name="ref7">Liu J, Zhu J-K (1998) A calcium sensor homolog required for plant salt tolerance. Science 280: 1943–1945</ref>
<ref name="ref8">Luan S, Kudla J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Yalovsky S, Gruissem W(2002) Calmodulins and calcineurin B-like proteins: calcium sensors for specific signal response coupling in plants. Plant Cell (Suppl) 14: S389–S400</ref>
<ref name="ref9">Kim KN, Cheong YH, Gupta R, Luan S (2000) Interaction specificity of Arabidopsis calcineurin B-like calcium sensors and their target kinases. Plant Physiol 124: 1844–1853</ref>
<ref name="ref10">Kolukisaoglu U, Weinl S, Blazevic D, Batistic O, Kudla J (2004) Calcium sensors and their interacting protein kinases: genomics of the Arabidopsis and rice CBL-CIPK signaling networks. Plant Physiol 134: 43–58</ref>
<ref name="ref11">Deikman J, Jones R (1985) Control of α-amylase mRNA accumulation by gibberellic acid and calcium in barley aleurone layers. Plant Physiol 78: 192–198</ref>
<ref name="ref12">Gilroy S (1996) Signal transduction in barley aleurone protoplasts is calcium dependent and independent. Plant Cell 8: 2193–2209</ref>
<ref name="ref13">P.V. Sathyanarayanan, B.W. Poovaiah Decoding Ca2+ signal in plants Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 23 (2004), pp. 1–11</ref>
<ref name="ref14">M.J. Sanchez-Barrena, M. Martinez-Ripoll, J.K. Zhu, A. Albert The structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana SOS3: molecular mechanism of sensing calcium for salt stress response J. Mol. Biol., 345 (2005), pp. 1253–1264</ref>
<ref name="ref15">M.J. Sanchez-Barrena, M. Martinez-Ripoll, J.K. Zhu, A. Albert The structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana SOS3: molecular mechanism of sensing calcium for salt stress response J. Mol. Biol., 345 (2005), pp. 1253–1264</ref>
<ref name="ref16">M. Nagae et al. The crystal structure of the novel calcium-binding protein AtCBL2 fromArabidopsis thaliana J. Biol. Chem., 278 (2003), pp. 42240–42246</ref>
<ref name="ref17">Yong-sic Hwang, Paul C. Bethke, Yong Hwa Cheong, Hur-Song Chang, Tong Zhu, Russell L. Jones. A Gibberellin-Regulated Calcineurin B in Rice Localizes to the Tonoplast and Is Implicated in Vacuole Function Plant Physiology, 2005, 138(3): 1347-1358</ref>

{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os12g0597000|
Description = Similar to Calcineurin B-like protein 2 (SOS3-like calcium binding protein 1)|
Version = NM_001073722.2 GI:297613475 GeneID:4352701|
Length = 4999 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os12g0597000, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 12|Chromosome 12]]|
AP = Chromosome 12:25266920..25271918|
CDS = 25267406..25267526,25267658..25267740,25267878..25267937,25269012..25269120,25269336..25269388 ,25269882..25269962,25270570..25270682,25271403..25271460|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008405:25266920..25271918
source=RiceChromosome12
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008405:25266920..25271918
source=RiceChromosome12
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atggtgcagtgtctcgacggggtgaggcagctgctggcggtcgtgttcaagtgctgcgacctcgagctgaagcagccgcgggggctcgaggatccccaggtcctcgcgagggagaccgtcttcagcgtgagcgaggtcgaggcgctgtacgagctcttcaagaagataagcagtgctgtgattgatgacgggctgattaacaaggaggagtttcagttggcgctgttcaagaccagcaagaaggagagcctgttcgccgaccgtgtatttgatttgtttgacacaaaacacaatggaattttaggatttgatgaatttgctcgtgcactctcagtatttcatccaagtgctccacttgatgagaagattgacttttcattccagttatatgatctcaagcaacaaggctatattgagagacaagaggttaagcagatggttgttgctacacttgctgagtctggaatgaatctttctgatgaaattatagagagcataatcgataagacatttgaggaggcagacacaaagcatgatggaagaattgataaagaagagtggcgcaatctggttcttcgtcatccctctttgctgaagaacatgactctccagtacctcaaggacatcaccactacatttccaagctttgtcttccattcccaggtcgatgacacctga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MVQCLDGVRQLLAVVFKCCDLELKQPRGLEDPQVLARETVFSVS EVEALYELFKKISSAVIDDGLINKEEFQLALFKTSKKESLFADRVFDLFDTKHNGILG FDEFARALSVFHPSAPLDEKIDFSFQLYDLKQQGYIERQEVKQMVVATLAESGMNLSD EIIESIIDKTFEEADTKHDGRIDKEEWRNLVLRHPSLLKNMTLQYLKDITTTFPSFVF HSQVDDT</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>487..607#739..821#959..1018#2093..2201#2417..2469#2963..3043#3651..3763#4484..4541#agacgcacgcgcacacgcatacgcatcgcagccagttcatcctcgattcctcccccgaatttccttcgcgatctcaccccgcgtgccctagctagctatcgaatcccgtcacctcggcggcggcggcgagatcggagctccgggttaacctcatccaccgcgaggcgtggaacctctctctctctcgctctcaccacctgaggtgcgcgtggccccgctctgtgatccgattcgatcggtcgcgttggagggagggctcctctattctgcgatggcgattgattgattgattgatctggttggggcttggttgcaggatcgaagatcgaaacccctggcaccggctcgggccgcggaatgggcggccgcggtgagtagctaggtctgcggcggcggagttgttgttgttggtggtggtggtggtggaggaggagttggcggcggagggggcgggggcgttggtggtggtggtggtgggagagtatcatggtgcagtgtctcgacggggtgaggcagctgctggcggtcgtgttcaagtgctgcgacctcgagctgaagcagccgcgggggctcgaggatccccaggtcctcgcgagggagaccgtctgtaagtccgccgcattcgccattggttggggcgccgtactcctccttccttttgttgctgagcctgtctcattgggggaatttgactggtgtgtgtggttgggttggattttgtggccttgtgttgtgcagtcagcgtgagcgaggtcgaggcgctgtacgagctcttcaagaagataagcagtgctgtgattgatgacgggctgattaacaaggttggtgtggagtcctctgttcgcgccacgattttgtatcgtagaattgggattgattgattggttgattgatgaaggcatgttattgtgaacctgtatgcaatcactgactgtgtttgtccgttgaccttgtgcaggaggagtttcagttggcgctgttcaagaccagcaagaaggagagcctgttcgccgaccgtgtaagtctgcattgattgcaaacttgttaattattgtatggtgctgcatgccgttgctctgattcggtatatcgcgctcttctcttttggaagttttgaaaagcgacagatttaggcgcgcctagtcaatgaagcatgagcaattgaacactagagactatttgactatactggacaaaattgaatgcttctaattgcatggaaatagtattagttatctaggattatattggtctaagtttcggatatgctatataccgcatatgctttaatttaggatttttcctttcctgtattgtttcctgccaaacatgtctccaaataacatctgaccgttggttagtcatttccctgccatggcttgtcttccgccctatggcctgcaccatttcattatttcccgctctaatttggccttgtccagaattctctaggcttttccgacatcttatctagtaccttttttaatgttaatcctcatgcatgtttgtttgtaaccaaatcattaattactttatacgtgaaatttcttgaactgttatgctatagcatcagtattacattttacatctcgtgtgtacttgattcgtctgtatcagttacaagtttccttaatcacaatgttcatgtttcgcagatggagtgctgtattatgcataattgggactttgcacatgttttaagtgttttggctattatgttattatgctatcattatgagtgtcttttaccttttgcattgcatctagcacacttctgtatttgagttctgatttgtgagctttgatccgtttgttatccaaatttgagtagtacctttcattggccattcgtactataagcgaatgccttatcgtgtaaatatatttttgtagttaaattccattgaaatcaattggtattgttgtatggctaatactgtccatcacaactgttgtcttgttacatttatcagttgaagctacatgtgaccaaattctttgtagaaaaatagctgtatgatagatgtcagtgcagattttgcctttatctccgtgctgcctcatgttcttaatattctccctgctcttacaggtatttgatttgtttgacacaaaacacaatggaattttaggatttgatgaatttgctcgtgcactctcagtatttcatccaagtgctccacttgatgagaagattgactgtgagttcagacgtactgtagctagatattttactcctcatctatgcagttctaaattatgtattgtcacaataatggcttggagcttatttgcaaaagtatttattgtagacttaaagttgatagtctgacttctatgctgtcctccaggttttctcttgtttacttatcttttctcaacaaaaaattctgaagaagctatgcaatttttgcagtttcattccagttatatgatctcaagcaacaaggctatattgagagacaagaggtattgatgccaaattactcattgcacagtgctccttcaagctagcatgttggcttgtctatatggctcacacacttcgattaattcaacattttcttttattgtttctgatacatgaaatcgtggttttattcatgtaactattctgtacttgatggtctatatttgttgttttgttatggcatactgcagaaagaaatgtcattttttcattaatactgtcagatcactgtcgttgaattttacaagattttaaatcacgtagtagcagcaatagcttaatcatgttgcgtttaggtgagttaggttttgattccaatgaattgcactgggctttgttgctgagagatgatgactatatctgccaatctttaaatagctgatatgccattatcaaagctaaatattttaaatagttttgttgtggatgtcattcttttgggtaggatatttccttttacttcatctatagtttataaaattgatttatcaggttaagcagatggttgttgctacacttgctgagtctggaatgaatctttctgatgaaattatagagagcataatcgataaggtatgttacggtttccatttatattttgttgtgtttggttataccctgtattggatggtatttttttagttggtattttgtggtaatcagtaattctcagcctgcttatataggtcagacttttgtatagcctagccttatcatactacatatatactgtatttactttgcaaatgaaaaactgcatcggtatgtttccttattatataagatgttggtaaaaaaaacattgaacttcttggtgaaacatagtaagaaatgtgccaatttgtaacaataagatgacacgtactaaaagaactataaatgtgtaatattatcatagtattttatgtataaatttactcttcattttcatccaaattatatattaatatattatagacaataatgttcgcacaaattattgtggtttaattagatgtgttctggatggcactatttttaaactgatagaagtaatactgattttgtgctattacttttttttaatagatagatatttagatgacatatcctcaataggcttggcataagatatggtcagtttatcttgtttctttttaattgtaacttccaatgctaaactattttttcttatttgtagacatttgaggaggcagacacaaagcatgatggaagaattgataaagaagagtggcgcaatctggttcttcgtcatccctctttgctgaagaacatgactctccagtacctcaagtaagatatgttttttttttgtttatactctgtatatttttaatagcttggctctttttgttcctgtcttttatttacatctgggcacaattctgaattctctcaacttaatgttggacaccttaagttttcatcttgatagttgtaatggcaatgtttactgctgttcttgaacaaaaatggttggattcggattcccattccaaattttatttgccattgcaatgtcttgcaaaggaaagaatgttacggagagagatgcatgcttgaaatgtgtaaatcaagcatcctctaattaaaattgcgcatgcacatagagtcgcatggaggagtgaggagagcatgttgtatcatctcttgattttaaatagtaattgttttatctaatccataatatgtaagaggaaaagaacaagttcatgattttaaatacatgccttgtcaactcactgcgcatatttttatttctaaaaaaacatgtgttgaactactggatgagttggtcgctccatgtttcagattcaagcaatccacttcacagatacaacagcacttcatatattgacaaaaaataacacactgccttttttgttcttaactaaagaagtattttttttcctaaaaaagattaggtgttcataaaaatgttcaagtctataaaaatgttgtagacacttttgtttttctatagcacaagctaatcttgccacatgtgtgcagggacatcaccactacatttccaagctttgtcttccattcccaggtcgatgacacctgaattcttggatttgtttgaactcaaaccatcagaagaatgctcatgccggttcattaagaattttgatattgggttgttggattgggcagagactccagagctctgtaggatgttgcatgttcgatttgagaagttctcaaatctttaaattgatgtaactttgtttctttcgtttggaagtttagtgtggctggagactttcggggagatgttaaatttctgtctgaatccgtagatcctttattctcttcccctcttttctgtttttctggctagcaatcagaatatcttttctgtttttttggctagcaatcagaatatcggatatagttttgtgaatctttcattttgcgtacaaaataggaaccttcaaaaaaattgatcgtgctggaaaatgttctgttggagtttgcaaattgcaatgatcatgaaatgctctccttttttgagagtttgca</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001073722.2 RefSeq:Os12g0597000]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 12]]
[[Category:Chromosome 12]]

2014-05-31T17:16:34Z

Shuimuxixia: Antisense OsCBL2 does not delay GA-induced transcription of GUS from anα-amylase promoter in rice half-grain. A diagram of the constructs introduced by particle bombardment is shown in A. Transcription of GUS from a GA-regulated α-amylase promoter was m

Antisense OsCBL2 does not delay GA-induced transcription of GUS from anα-amylase promoter in rice half-grain. A diagram of the constructs introduced by particle bombardment is shown in A. Transcription of GUS from a GA-regulated α-amylase promoter was measured relative to expression of LUX (GUS:LUX ratio) driven by a constitutive ubiquitin promoter (B). Half-grains were incubated for 24 h without hormone (−GA) or with GA and the ratio of GUS-to-LUX expression determined in the presence and absence of the antisense construct.

File:图片3.png

2014-05-31T17:15:33Z

Shuimuxixia: uploaded a new version of "File:图片3.png": Antisense OsCBL2 or HvCBL2delays the GA-induced vacuolation of barley aleurone protoplasts. Barley protoplasts were cotransfected with GFP andAsOsCBL2, GFP, andAsHvCBL2, or with GFP and empty cas

File:图片2.png

2014-05-31T17:14:48Z

Shuimuxixia: OsCBL2 to 4 are localized to membranes. OsCBL1 to 4 were translationally fused to GFP and transiently expressed in barley aleurone protoplasts. The figure shows representative epifluorescence images (top) and bright-field images (bottom) of single, transf

OsCBL2 to 4 are localized to membranes. OsCBL1 to 4 were translationally fused to GFP and transiently expressed in barley aleurone protoplasts. The figure shows representative epifluorescence images (top) and bright-field images (bottom) of single, transformed cells. The unmagnified width of each image is approximately 40 μm.

Os12g0597000

2014-05-31T17:13:28Z

Shuimuxixia:

Class B enzyme calcineurin subunit (Calcineurin B-like, CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements.

==Annotated Information==

[[File:Table1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Table1''' Amino acid similarity and identity of rice CBLs (OsCBL1–10) and Arabidopsis CBLs (AtCBL1–10). For each pairwise comparison, similarity values are followed by identity values in parentheses.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]
[[File:图片1.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 1''' Yeast two-hybrid analysis demonstrates an interaction between OsCBLs and AtCIPKs. OsCBLs and AtCIPKs were translationally fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (BD) and activation domain (AD) as indicated. Nutritional reporter systems minus Leu plus Trp (−LT) and minus Leu, Trp, and His (−LHT) and filter-lift GAL assays were employed to examine the interaction between OsCBLs and AtCIPKs (A). A positive control showing the interaction of AtCBL1 with AtCIPK1 is shown in B.(from reference<ref name="ref1" />)]]

===Function===
Many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal transduction elements. RNA profiling using a rice (Oryza sativa cv Nipponbare) oligonucleotide microarray was used to monitor gene expression in de-embryonated rice grains. This analysis showed that a putative rice CBL gene responded to gibberellic acid, but not abscisic acid, treatment. The CBL gene family in rice contains at least 10 genes and these have extensive similarity to the CBLs of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assays, rice CBLs interact with the kinase partners of Arabidopsis CBLs. Only one rice CBL gene, OsCBL2, is up-regulated by GA in the aleurone layer.<ref name="ref1" />

'''OsCBLs Interact with AtCIPKs'''

We used the yeast two-hybrid system to demonstrate that rice CBLs interact with AtCIPKs. OsCBL1 to 4 were fused to the binding domain of GAL4, whereasAtCIPK1, 6, and 8 were fused to the activation domain of GAL4. Figure 1A shows the growth of yeast on selection medium and the corresponding assay for β-galactosidase when these different OsCBLs and AtCIPKs were used as bait and prey. As expected, the positive control showed interaction between AtCBL1 and AtCIPK1 (Fig. 1B)<ref name="ref2" />. OsCBL2, which has 74% amino acid similarity with AtCBL1 (Table I), also had a strong interaction with AtCIPK1. Like AtCBL1<ref name="ref3" />, OsCBL2 interacted strongly with AtCIPK8 and weakly with AtCIPK6. OsCBL4 also interacted strongly with AtCIPK1 and 8, but unlike OsCBL2, it did not interact with AtCIPK6. OsCBL1 and 3 both interacted with all three of the Arabidopsis CIPKs examined. These data provide evidence that OsCBL1 to 4 proteins are functional homologs of Arabidopsis CBL proteins.

Specificity for rice CBL function is likely to arise from differences in intracellular localization and different timing of expression. We show here that OsCBL2 and 3are targeted to the TN, and OsCBL4 to the PM (Fig. 2). Even though both OsCBL2 and 3 are targeted to the TN, their roles may be distinguished by the timing of their expression. For example, OsCBL2 is expressed in aleurone during germination, but OsCBL3 was not detectable in this tissue under the conditions that we have tested. OsCBL2 may be involved in vacuole function since transformation of aleurone protoplasts with an antisense construct of OsCBL2 orHvCBL2 slowed the rate of GA-induced vacuolation (Fig. 3), but not GA-induced transcription of an α-amylase reporter construct (Fig. 4).

===Expression===
OsCBL2 high expression in booting culms, young spikes, seedling roots and shoots. Expression of OsCBL2 is not induced by salt, drought, cold or ABA treatment. Although both OsCBL1 and 2 were expressed in rice half-grains, OsCBL2 was specifically up-regulated by GA (Fig. 5). GeneChip and RNA blotting experiments showed that OsCBL2 was most strongly expressed in aleurone and root and, using an expression intensity value of 50 as a cutoff, it is clear thatOsCBL2 is expressed in most tissues of the rice plant.

In aleurone cells, GA stimulates the synthesis and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes including α-amylase, promotes the vacuolation of the aleurone protoplast, and initiates programmed cell death. All of these processes require an increase in [Ca2+]cyt. Here we show that the expression of one gene in the rice CBL family is up-regulated in aleurone by GA, but not by ABA. We show that other rice CBLs are not differentially expressed by GA and ABA in aleurone or in vegetative tissues of the shoot or root. We present data showing that OsCBL2 is localized to the aleurone tonoplast (TN), and transient expression assays with rice and barley CBLs in barley aleurone cells indicate that they are likely to be involved in a GA-signaling pathway that leads to the vacuolation of the aleurone cell.<ref name="ref1" />

'''Hormone and Tissue-Specific Expression of OsCBLs'''

Only OsCBL2 contains the probe sequences found on the rice GeneChip microarray. It is therefore highly likely that the GA-regulated CBL identified in our microarray experiments (Fig. 6) is OsCBL2. We used the GeneChip microarray to quantitate the expression of OsCBL2 in the tissues of rice cv Nipponbare at all stages of development. These data are presented in Figure 7, where GeneChip intensity values for each tissue or organ are plotted with higher values farther from the center of the figure. OsCBL2 is expressed at high levels in roots of seedlings and tillering plants, during early stages of panicle and seed formation, and in the aleurone of mature grain. Expression of OsCBL2 was lowest in mature leaves and stems and in the emerging inflorescence shoot (Fig. 7).

To investigate the expression of OsCBLs in germinating Nipponbare rice seedling tissues, RNA was isolated from scutellum, shoots, and roots of 7-d-old seedlings and northern blots were hybridized with gene-specific probes for OsCBL1 to 3(Fig. 8). OsCBL2 is expressed in all rice seedling tissues and this confirmed the analysis made with the GeneChip array (Fig. 7). RNA blotting also confirmed thatOsCBL2 mRNA was abundant in roots relative to shoots and scutella, whereas theOsCBL1 transcript was more abundant in shoots than in roots and the OsCBL3transcript was abundant in both root and shoot tissue (Fig. 8). OsCBL4 and 7 were not expressed strongly enough in tissues of 7-d-old seedlings to be detected.<ref name="ref1" />

'''GA-Induced Expression of OsCBL2 Is Reduced in the Aleurone Layer of dwarf1 Mutant Rice'''

We also used RNA profiling and northern blotting to see whether GA-induced expression of OsCBL2 in aleurone cells was dependent on a signaling pathway that utilizes heterotrimeric G-proteins. For these experiments, RNA was isolated from half-grains of wild-type and dwarf1 (d1) mutant rice. The d1 rice mutant lacks the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins and shows a defective GA response, except at high GA concentrations<ref name="ref4" />. In the experiment shown in Figure 9A, there was a 3-fold increase in OsCBL2 expression in wild-type rice aleurone after 8-h incubation at a high (5 μM) GA concentration. When wild-type half-grains were incubated with a low (100 nM) GA concentration,OSCBL2 expression was still almost twice as high as that at time zero (Fig. 9A). Expression of OsCBL2 in d1 half-grains, however, was much reduced at 5 μM GA compared to wild type, and transcript abundance was virtually unchanged following 8-h incubation with 100 nM GA (Fig. 9A). Similar changes in expression were observed for α-amylase in d1 and wild-type rice half-grains (Fig. 9B). Thus, there was virtually no change in the expression of the RAmy1A gene at low GA concentrations in d1 rice, whereas in wild-type rice grain low GA brought about a large change in RAmy1A expression (Fig. 9B). RNA blotting was used to confirm the microarray data on CBL expression as shown in Figure 9C. Expression ofOsCBL2 was observed in wild-type aleurone and the d1 mutant at 5 μM GA, butOsCBL2 transcript could not be detected in the d1 mutant at 100 nM GA.<ref name="ref1" />

===Mutation===
The amount of OsCBL2 transcript was increased specifically by GA treatment in rice aleurone (Figs.5,6, and 9). Using microarray analyses and RNA blots, we show that the up-regulation ofOsCBL2 expression occurs within 3 h of GA treatment and persists for at least 48 h (Figs.5,6, and 9). Data from experiments with the d1 mutant of rice strongly suggest that OsCBL2 transcription is part of a GA-signaling pathway that involves the α-subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Fig. 9).

OsCBL2 expression in aleurone is specifically up-regulated by GA (Figs. 5 and 6). Transcript abundance was unchanged when rice half-grains were incubated with ABA or no hormone, or when seedlings were exposed to various stresses. Perhaps more interesting is our observation that correct expression of OsCBL2 in aleurone protoplasts seems to be required for proper vacuolation (Fig. 3). When barley aleurone protoplasts were transiently transformed with antisense constructs forOsCBL2 or HvCBL2 (Fig. 3, C and D), vacuolation was retarded. This was a specific effect in that AsOsCBL2 did not inhibit transcription from an α-amylase promoter (Fig. 4). One interpretation of these data is that OsCBL2 interacts with one or more proteins in aleurone cells, and that an insufficient amount of OsCBL2 leads to a defect in vacuole function. For example, OsCBL2 may activate a CIPK and the OsCBL2/CIPK complex may promote vacuole fusion and enlargement. AntisenseOsCBL2 would reduce the amount of OsCBL2 and prevent the formation of the active OsCBL/CIPK complex. This speculation is consistent with our previous data showing that a Ser/Thr protein kinase present on the TN in barley aleurone protoplasts is involved in the gating of a Ca2+-regulated ion channel<ref name="ref5" />.

===Knowledge Extension===
A homolog with 91% sequence identity to OsCBL2 was cloned from barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya), and designated HvCBL2. We examined the localization and function of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 in rice and barley aleurone because changes in cytosolic calcium have been implicated in the response of the aleurone cell to GA. Green fluorescent protein translational fusions of OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were localized to the tonoplast of aleurone cell protein storage vacuoles and OsCBL4-green fluorescent protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Data from experiments using antisense expression of OsCBL2 and HvCBL2 are consistent with a role for OsCBL2 in promoting vacuolation of barley aleurone cells following treatment with GA.<ref name="ref1" />

Calcium-binding proteins with similarity to calcineurin B have been cloned recently from plants <ref name="ref6" />. These calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) contain calcium-binding EF hands and are similar to the regulatory B-subunit of calcineurin and to the neuronal calcium sensor <ref name="ref7" />. CBLs, therefore, have the potential to transduce [Ca2+]cyt signals and are thought to play roles in stress and hormone signaling in plants <ref name="ref8" />. The first CBL gene to be cloned was a salt overly sensitive (SOS) gene from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that was designatedSOS3 . SOS3 is identical to AtCLB4, a salt-responsive CBL gene cloned independently from Arabidopsis <ref name="ref9" />. At least 10 expressed CBL genes and proteins from Arabidopsis have now been identified, and many CBL genes are present in the sequenced rice (Oryza sativa) genome<ref name="ref10" />.

Microarray analyses were used as a tool to identify novel GA-signaling components in cereal aleurone layers. OsCBL2 was identified in those gene discovery experiments (Fig. 6). Extensive research has shown that GA-signaling pathways in cereal aleurone cells can be separated into calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways. GA-stimulated transcription of α-amylase genes, for example, is on the calcium-independent pathway, and vacuolation is on the calcium-dependent pathway <ref name="ref11" /><ref name="ref12" />. Because OsCBL1 to 10 have four motifs predicted to be the Ca2+-binding regions of EF hands, some rice CBLs may be signal transduction elements that participate in calcium-dependent signaling. The data presented here for OsCBL2, in particular, are consistent with this speculation.

==Labs working on this gene==
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720–3102 (Y.-s.H., P.C.B., Y.H.C., R.L.J.); and Torrey Mesa Research Institute, Syngenta Research and Technology, San Diego, California 92121 (H.-S.C., T.Z.);
State key lab of crop genetics and germplasm enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, PR China

==Structured Information==
The OsCBL proteins appear to be rather conserved in structure, each harboring four EF-hand domains. Interestingly, the size of the linker region between the EF-hand domains is absolutely conserved in all proteins and appears to be unique to this family of calcium sensor proteins. Size variation of CBL proteins is therefore exclusively caused by extension or reduction of the N-and C-terminal regions. This might suggest a conserved three-dimensional structure of all rice CBLs. However, some of the EF-hands differ significantly from the canonical EF-hand domain<ref name="ref13" /><ref name="ref14" />. Especially, like in SOS3 (AtCBL4) <ref name="ref15" /> and AtCBL2 <ref name="ref16" />, the sequence of EF1 differs markedly from that of classical EF-hand. EF1 lacks highly conserved Asp residue at the position 1, and three residues are inserted between positions 1 and positions 3. In addition, the oxygen donor at position 3 is replaced by a hydrophobic or basic amino acid residue for EF1 and for EF2, EF3 and EF4, respectively. These differences in the EF hand composition in individual CBLs could lead to different affinities toward calcium ions. Whether such differences in calcium-binding affinity contribute to deciphering the different calcium signals in response to various environmental stimuli awaits further experimental analyses<ref name="ref17" />.

==References==
<references>
<ref name="ref1"> Hwang Y S, Bethke P C, Cheong Y H, Chang H S, Zhu T, Jones R L. A gibberellin-regulated calcineurin B in rice localizes to the tonoplast and is implicated in vacuole function[J]. Plant Physiol, 2005, 138: 1347-1358</ref>
<ref name="ref2"> Kim KN, Cheong YH, Gupta R, Luan S (2000) Interaction specificity of Arabidopsis calcineurin B-like calcium sensors and their target kinases. Plant Physiol 124: 1844–1853</ref>
<ref name="ref3">Kolukisaoglu U, Weinl S, Blazevic D, Batistic O, Kudla J (2004) Calcium sensors and their interacting protein kinases: genomics of the Arabidopsis and rice CBL-CIPK signaling networks. Plant Physiol 134: 43–58</ref>
<ref name="ref4">Ueguchi-Tanaka M, Fujisawa Y, Kobayashi M, Ashikari M, Iwasaki Y, Kitano H, Matsuoka M (2000) Rice dwarf mutant d1, which is defective in the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, affects gibberellin signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11638–11643 </ref>
<ref name="ref5">Bethke PC, Jones RL (1997) Reversible protein phosphorylation regulates the activity of the slow-vacuolar ion channel. Plant J 11: 1227–1235</ref>
<ref name="ref6">Shi JR, Kim KN, Ritz O, Albrecht V, Gupta R, Harter K, Luan S, Kudla J (1999) Novel protein kinases associated with calcineurin B-like calcium sensors in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 11: 2393–2405</ref>
<ref name="ref7">Liu J, Zhu J-K (1998) A calcium sensor homolog required for plant salt tolerance. Science 280: 1943–1945</ref>
<ref name="ref8">Luan S, Kudla J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Yalovsky S, Gruissem W(2002) Calmodulins and calcineurin B-like proteins: calcium sensors for specific signal response coupling in plants. Plant Cell (Suppl) 14: S389–S400</ref>
<ref name="ref9">Kim KN, Cheong YH, Gupta R, Luan S (2000) Interaction specificity of Arabidopsis calcineurin B-like calcium sensors and their target kinases. Plant Physiol 124: 1844–1853</ref>
<ref name="ref10">Kolukisaoglu U, Weinl S, Blazevic D, Batistic O, Kudla J (2004) Calcium sensors and their interacting protein kinases: genomics of the Arabidopsis and rice CBL-CIPK signaling networks. Plant Physiol 134: 43–58</ref>
<ref name="ref11">Deikman J, Jones R (1985) Control of α-amylase mRNA accumulation by gibberellic acid and calcium in barley aleurone layers. Plant Physiol 78: 192–198</ref>
<ref name="ref12">Gilroy S (1996) Signal transduction in barley aleurone protoplasts is calcium dependent and independent. Plant Cell 8: 2193–2209</ref>
<ref name="ref13">P.V. Sathyanarayanan, B.W. Poovaiah Decoding Ca2+ signal in plants Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 23 (2004), pp. 1–11</ref>
<ref name="ref14">M.J. Sanchez-Barrena, M. Martinez-Ripoll, J.K. Zhu, A. Albert The structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana SOS3: molecular mechanism of sensing calcium for salt stress response J. Mol. Biol., 345 (2005), pp. 1253–1264</ref>
<ref name="ref15">M.J. Sanchez-Barrena, M. Martinez-Ripoll, J.K. Zhu, A. Albert The structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana SOS3: molecular mechanism of sensing calcium for salt stress response J. Mol. Biol., 345 (2005), pp. 1253–1264</ref>
<ref name="ref16">M. Nagae et al. The crystal structure of the novel calcium-binding protein AtCBL2 fromArabidopsis thaliana J. Biol. Chem., 278 (2003), pp. 42240–42246</ref>
<ref name="ref17">Yong-sic Hwang, Paul C. Bethke, Yong Hwa Cheong, Hur-Song Chang, Tong Zhu, Russell L. Jones. A Gibberellin-Regulated Calcineurin B in Rice Localizes to the Tonoplast and Is Implicated in Vacuole Function Plant Physiology, 2005, 138(3): 1347-1358</ref>

{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os12g0597000|
Description = Similar to Calcineurin B-like protein 2 (SOS3-like calcium binding protein 1)|
Version = NM_001073722.2 GI:297613475 GeneID:4352701|
Length = 4999 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os12g0597000, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 12|Chromosome 12]]|
AP = Chromosome 12:25266920..25271918|
CDS = 25267406..25267526,25267658..25267740,25267878..25267937,25269012..25269120,25269336..25269388 ,25269882..25269962,25270570..25270682,25271403..25271460|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008405:25266920..25271918
source=RiceChromosome12
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008405:25266920..25271918
source=RiceChromosome12
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atggtgcagtgtctcgacggggtgaggcagctgctggcggtcgtgttcaagtgctgcgacctcgagctgaagcagccgcgggggctcgaggatccccaggtcctcgcgagggagaccgtcttcagcgtgagcgaggtcgaggcgctgtacgagctcttcaagaagataagcagtgctgtgattgatgacgggctgattaacaaggaggagtttcagttggcgctgttcaagaccagcaagaaggagagcctgttcgccgaccgtgtatttgatttgtttgacacaaaacacaatggaattttaggatttgatgaatttgctcgtgcactctcagtatttcatccaagtgctccacttgatgagaagattgacttttcattccagttatatgatctcaagcaacaaggctatattgagagacaagaggttaagcagatggttgttgctacacttgctgagtctggaatgaatctttctgatgaaattatagagagcataatcgataagacatttgaggaggcagacacaaagcatgatggaagaattgataaagaagagtggcgcaatctggttcttcgtcatccctctttgctgaagaacatgactctccagtacctcaaggacatcaccactacatttccaagctttgtcttccattcccaggtcgatgacacctga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MVQCLDGVRQLLAVVFKCCDLELKQPRGLEDPQVLARETVFSVS EVEALYELFKKISSAVIDDGLINKEEFQLALFKTSKKESLFADRVFDLFDTKHNGILG FDEFARALSVFHPSAPLDEKIDFSFQLYDLKQQGYIERQEVKQMVVATLAESGMNLSD EIIESIIDKTFEEADTKHDGRIDKEEWRNLVLRHPSLLKNMTLQYLKDITTTFPSFVF HSQVDDT</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>487..607#739..821#959..1018#2093..2201#2417..2469#2963..3043#3651..3763#4484..4541#agacgcacgcgcacacgcatacgcatcgcagccagttcatcctcgattcctcccccgaatttccttcgcgatctcaccccgcgtgccctagctagctatcgaatcccgtcacctcggcggcggcggcgagatcggagctccgggttaacctcatccaccgcgaggcgtggaacctctctctctctcgctctcaccacctgaggtgcgcgtggccccgctctgtgatccgattcgatcggtcgcgttggagggagggctcctctattctgcgatggcgattgattgattgattgatctggttggggcttggttgcaggatcgaagatcgaaacccctggcaccggctcgggccgcggaatgggcggccgcggtgagtagctaggtctgcggcggcggagttgttgttgttggtggtggtggtggtggaggaggagttggcggcggagggggcgggggcgttggtggtggtggtggtgggagagtatcatggtgcagtgtctcgacggggtgaggcagctgctggcggtcgtgttcaagtgctgcgacctcgagctgaagcagccgcgggggctcgaggatccccaggtcctcgcgagggagaccgtctgtaagtccgccgcattcgccattggttggggcgccgtactcctccttccttttgttgctgagcctgtctcattgggggaatttgactggtgtgtgtggttgggttggattttgtggccttgtgttgtgcagtcagcgtgagcgaggtcgaggcgctgtacgagctcttcaagaagataagcagtgctgtgattgatgacgggctgattaacaaggttggtgtggagtcctctgttcgcgccacgattttgtatcgtagaattgggattgattgattggttgattgatgaaggcatgttattgtgaacctgtatgcaatcactgactgtgtttgtccgttgaccttgtgcaggaggagtttcagttggcgctgttcaagaccagcaagaaggagagcctgttcgccgaccgtgtaagtctgcattgattgcaaacttgttaattattgtatggtgctgcatgccgttgctctgattcggtatatcgcgctcttctcttttggaagttttgaaaagcgacagatttaggcgcgcctagtcaatgaagcatgagcaattgaacactagagactatttgactatactggacaaaattgaatgcttctaattgcatggaaatagtattagttatctaggattatattggtctaagtttcggatatgctatataccgcatatgctttaatttaggatttttcctttcctgtattgtttcctgccaaacatgtctccaaataacatctgaccgttggttagtcatttccctgccatggcttgtcttccgccctatggcctgcaccatttcattatttcccgctctaatttggccttgtccagaattctctaggcttttccgacatcttatctagtaccttttttaatgttaatcctcatgcatgtttgtttgtaaccaaatcattaattactttatacgtgaaatttcttgaactgttatgctatagcatcagtattacattttacatctcgtgtgtacttgattcgtctgtatcagttacaagtttccttaatcacaatgttcatgtttcgcagatggagtgctgtattatgcataattgggactttgcacatgttttaagtgttttggctattatgttattatgctatcattatgagtgtcttttaccttttgcattgcatctagcacacttctgtatttgagttctgatttgtgagctttgatccgtttgttatccaaatttgagtagtacctttcattggccattcgtactataagcgaatgccttatcgtgtaaatatatttttgtagttaaattccattgaaatcaattggtattgttgtatggctaatactgtccatcacaactgttgtcttgttacatttatcagttgaagctacatgtgaccaaattctttgtagaaaaatagctgtatgatagatgtcagtgcagattttgcctttatctccgtgctgcctcatgttcttaatattctccctgctcttacaggtatttgatttgtttgacacaaaacacaatggaattttaggatttgatgaatttgctcgtgcactctcagtatttcatccaagtgctccacttgatgagaagattgactgtgagttcagacgtactgtagctagatattttactcctcatctatgcagttctaaattatgtattgtcacaataatggcttggagcttatttgcaaaagtatttattgtagacttaaagttgatagtctgacttctatgctgtcctccaggttttctcttgtttacttatcttttctcaacaaaaaattctgaagaagctatgcaatttttgcagtttcattccagttatatgatctcaagcaacaaggctatattgagagacaagaggtattgatgccaaattactcattgcacagtgctccttcaagctagcatgttggcttgtctatatggctcacacacttcgattaattcaacattttcttttattgtttctgatacatgaaatcgtggttttattcatgtaactattctgtacttgatggtctatatttgttgttttgttatggcatactgcagaaagaaatgtcattttttcattaatactgtcagatcactgtcgttgaattttacaagattttaaatcacgtagtagcagcaatagcttaatcatgttgcgtttaggtgagttaggttttgattccaatgaattgcactgggctttgttgctgagagatgatgactatatctgccaatctttaaatagctgatatgccattatcaaagctaaatattttaaatagttttgttgtggatgtcattcttttgggtaggatatttccttttacttcatctatagtttataaaattgatttatcaggttaagcagatggttgttgctacacttgctgagtctggaatgaatctttctgatgaaattatagagagcataatcgataaggtatgttacggtttccatttatattttgttgtgtttggttataccctgtattggatggtatttttttagttggtattttgtggtaatcagtaattctcagcctgcttatataggtcagacttttgtatagcctagccttatcatactacatatatactgtatttactttgcaaatgaaaaactgcatcggtatgtttccttattatataagatgttggtaaaaaaaacattgaacttcttggtgaaacatagtaagaaatgtgccaatttgtaacaataagatgacacgtactaaaagaactataaatgtgtaatattatcatagtattttatgtataaatttactcttcattttcatccaaattatatattaatatattatagacaataatgttcgcacaaattattgtggtttaattagatgtgttctggatggcactatttttaaactgatagaagtaatactgattttgtgctattacttttttttaatagatagatatttagatgacatatcctcaataggcttggcataagatatggtcagtttatcttgtttctttttaattgtaacttccaatgctaaactattttttcttatttgtagacatttgaggaggcagacacaaagcatgatggaagaattgataaagaagagtggcgcaatctggttcttcgtcatccctctttgctgaagaacatgactctccagtacctcaagtaagatatgttttttttttgtttatactctgtatatttttaatagcttggctctttttgttcctgtcttttatttacatctgggcacaattctgaattctctcaacttaatgttggacaccttaagttttcatcttgatagttgtaatggcaatgtttactgctgttcttgaacaaaaatggttggattcggattcccattccaaattttatttgccattgcaatgtcttgcaaaggaaagaatgttacggagagagatgcatgcttgaaatgtgtaaatcaagcatcctctaattaaaattgcgcatgcacatagagtcgcatggaggagtgaggagagcatgttgtatcatctcttgattttaaatagtaattgttttatctaatccataatatgtaagaggaaaagaacaagttcatgattttaaatacatgccttgtcaactcactgcgcatatttttatttctaaaaaaacatgtgttgaactactggatgagttggtcgctccatgtttcagattcaagcaatccacttcacagatacaacagcacttcatatattgacaaaaaataacacactgccttttttgttcttaactaaagaagtattttttttcctaaaaaagattaggtgttcataaaaatgttcaagtctataaaaatgttgtagacacttttgtttttctatagcacaagctaatcttgccacatgtgtgcagggacatcaccactacatttccaagctttgtcttccattcccaggtcgatgacacctgaattcttggatttgtttgaactcaaaccatcagaagaatgctcatgccggttcattaagaattttgatattgggttgttggattgggcagagactccagagctctgtaggatgttgcatgttcgatttgagaagttctcaaatctttaaattgatgtaactttgtttctttcgtttggaagtttagtgtggctggagactttcggggagatgttaaatttctgtctgaatccgtagatcctttattctcttcccctcttttctgtttttctggctagcaatcagaatatcttttctgtttttttggctagcaatcagaatatcggatatagttttgtgaatctttcattttgcgtacaaaataggaaccttcaaaaaaattgatcgtgctggaaaatgttctgttggagtttgcaaattgcaatgatcatgaaatgctctccttttttgagagtttgca</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001073722.2 RefSeq:Os12g0597000]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 12]]
[[Category:Chromosome 12]]