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		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=184223</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
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				<updated>2014-06-27T11:37:26Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Structured Information */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|200px‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]  [http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q942F3 UniProt:Q942F3]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=184222</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=184222"/>
				<updated>2014-06-27T11:19:33Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Mutation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|200px‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174739</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174739"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T16:08:53Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|200px‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174737</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174737"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T16:02:57Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|250px‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|250px]]&lt;br /&gt;
Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174735</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174735"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:59:56Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|250px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|250px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174732</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174732"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:56:56Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|left|thumb‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|left|thumb‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174731</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174731"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:56:09Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|left|thumb‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|thumb‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174730</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174730"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:53:55Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|thumb‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|thumb‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174729</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174729"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:53:06Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|250px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174728</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174728"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:52:16Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174727</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174727"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:51:16Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|frameless|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|frameless|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174724</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174724"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:50:52Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|frameless|center|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|frameless|center|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174722</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174722"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:50:04Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|frameless|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|frameless|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174720</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174720"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:49:17Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|thumb|150px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|thumb|150px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174719</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174719"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:48:42Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|frame|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|frame|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174717</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174717"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:47:46Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]][[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174716</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174716"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:46:38Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174715</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174715"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:45:56Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|none|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|none|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174714</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174714"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:44:52Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|center|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|center|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174711</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174711"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:41:47Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174710</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174710"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:41:00Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|150px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174708</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174708"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:40:19Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174701</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174701"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:37:25Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174699</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174699"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:35:51Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|250px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''‎]]Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174698</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174698"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:35:24Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg‎‎|right|thumb|200px|Figure : Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of ''OsBRI1''‎]]Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174697</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174697"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:33:53Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174696</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174696"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:33:01Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|200px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174695</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174695"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:32:23Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure : Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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----&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174694</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174694"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:30:42Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg|thumb|left|]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174693</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174693"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:30:16Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg|thumb]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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----&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174692</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174692"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:29:41Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg|frameless|border]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174691</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174691"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:28:58Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg|frameless]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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----&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174688</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174688"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:26:48Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174686</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174686"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:26:26Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Function */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;　　　(A) Schematic representation of the various elongation patterns of internodes in the wild type (N) and various rice dwarf mutants (dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-types), adapted from Takeda (1977).&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(B) Gross morphology of a wild-type plant (left); d61-1 mutant (center), a weak allele; and d61-2 mutant (right), a strong allele.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(C) Elongation pattern of internodes. The wild-type plant (left) shows the N-type of the elongation pattern, whereas the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants show typical dm- and d6-type patterns, respectively. The number of each internode is indicated.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(D) Panicle structure. The wild-type plant (left) has a short panicle; the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants have longer panicles. The arrows indicate the nodes.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(E) Leaf morphology. The leaf of the wild-type plant (left) is bent at the lamina joint indicated by the white arrow, whereas the leaves of d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants are more erect.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
　　　(F) Leaf sheath morphology. The leaf sheath in the d61-1 (center) and d61-2 (right) mutants is shorter than in the wild-type plant (left).&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174677</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174677"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:14:15Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Evolution */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174675</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174675"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:13:59Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Knowledge Extension */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174673</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174673"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:06:09Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Evolution */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==='''Evolution'''===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174672</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174672"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:05:43Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Homologous Genes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174670</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174670"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:03:49Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Homologous Genes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png&amp;diff=174668</id>
		<title>File:The rice genes homologous to OsBRI1.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png&amp;diff=174668"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T15:03:13Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: uploaded a new version of &amp;amp;quot;File:The rice genes homologous to OsBRI1.png&amp;amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174664</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174664"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T14:51:00Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Knowledge Extension */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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----&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174663</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174663"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T14:50:33Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Guo H, Li L, Aluru M, Aluru S, Yin Y.(2013) Mechanisms and networks for brassinosteroid regulated gene expression. ''Current Opinion in Plant Biology'' 16(5):545-553.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref7&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hao J, Yin Y, Fei S-z.(2013) Brassinosteroid signaling network: implications on yield and stress tolerance. ''Plant Cell Reports'' 32(7):1017-1030.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174660</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174660"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T14:44:07Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Knowledge Extension */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The BR signaling transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174659</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174659"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T14:43:38Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Knowledge Extension */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''BR signal transduction pathway'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 6: Brassinosteroid signaling pathway]] &lt;br /&gt;
The steroidal hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Genetic, genomic and proteomic studies in Arabidopsis have identified major BR signaling components and elucidated the signal transduction pathway from the cell surface receptor kinase BRI1 to the BES1/BZR1 family of transcription factors. BRs interact with other plant hormones in coordinating gene expression and plant growth and development. The BR signal transduction pathway is showed in Figure 6&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref6&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174652</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174652"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T14:33:02Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== '''References''' ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png&amp;diff=174620</id>
		<title>File:Brassinosteroid signaling pathway.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=File:Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway.png&amp;diff=174620"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T11:35:10Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Brassinosteroid_signaling_pathway&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174616</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174616"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T11:15:39Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Knowledge Extension */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf phenotype'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174614</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174614"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T11:13:08Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Mutation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' has been found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf genes of rice'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174613</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174613"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T11:09:14Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Knowledge Extension */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' is found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf genes of rice'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
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Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
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== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
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  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

	<entry>
		<id>https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174612</id>
		<title>Os01g0718300</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/ricewiki/index.php?title=Os01g0718300&amp;diff=174612"/>
				<updated>2014-05-30T11:08:38Z</updated>
		
		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Wangxf09sk: /* Mutation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;This gene locus includes two genes named after ''dwarf 61'' and ''OsBRI1'' of ''Oryza sativa'' Japonica Group, whose length is 3,866 bps[http://rapdblegacy.dna.affrc.go.jp/viewer/gbrowse/build5/?name=Os01g0718300]and 1,122 amino acids[http://www.ricedata.cn/gene/gene_info.aspx?id=LOC_Os01g52050]respectively with a putative role that is systemin receptor SR160 precursor.&lt;br /&gt;
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==Annotated Information==&lt;br /&gt;
===Function===&lt;br /&gt;
The mutants of ''d61'' of ''Oryza sativa'' are not sensitive to BR(brassinosteroid) addition due to the prohibition of BR signal transduction in their bodies. This kind of mutant are characterized by the limit of the longitudinal elongation of some specific internodes, bending of the lamina joints, shorter leaf sheaths nut longer neck panicles than wide type, and undesirable skotomorphogenesis. In addition, the phenotypes of the mutants of d61 are closely related to the mutations of ''OsBRI1''.&lt;br /&gt;
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth–promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. &lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants.jpg]]     Phenotypes of the d61 Mutants&lt;br /&gt;
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OsBRI1 has extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analyses showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61mutants. OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1.jpg]]     Complementation and Antisense Phenotype of OsBRI1&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The phytohormones auxins and brassinosteroids are both essential regulators of physiological and developmental processes, and it has been suggested that they act inter‐dependently and synergistically. auxins stimulate brassinosteroid perception by regulating the level of brassinosteroid receptor. Auxin treatment increased expression of the rice brassinosteroid receptor gene OsBRI1. The promoter of OsBRI1 contains an auxin-response element (AuxRE) that is targeted by auxin-response factor (ARF) transcription factors. An AuxRE mutation abolished the induction of OsBRI1 expression by auxins, and OsBRI1 expression was down‐regulated in an arf mutant. The AuxRE motif in the OsBRI1 promoter, and thus the transient up‐regulation of OsBRI1 expression caused by treatment with indole-3-acetic acid, is essential for the indole-3-acetic acid-induced increase in sensitivity to brassinosteroids.&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression.jpg]]   Auxin-response factor transcription factors participate in the regulation of OsBRI1 expression&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File:Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
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Auxin-induced BU1 expression depends on the presence of the auxin-response element in the OsBRI1 promoter&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Expression===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: Expression_Pattern_of_OsBRI1_in_Various_Organs.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 1: Expression Pattern of ''OsBRI1'' in Various Organs.png‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
The expression of ''OsBRI1'' showed in Figure 1 varies in different organs, different parts of elongating culms and even different in the upper four internodes of the elongation zones of elongating culms. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these parts of the plant.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different organs''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' varies markedly, which is rich in vegatative shoot apices, weak in flowers, rachis, roots and expanded leaf sheaths, but no expression in leaf blades either seeds. This suggest that the sensitivity to BRs also differs among these organs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different parts of elongating culms''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also different. The elongating culms are divided into four parts: the node, the division, elongation and elongated zones of the internode. The strongest expression is in the division zone, lower expression in the elongation zone and the node, but no expression in the elongated internode. That is, each region of the elongation culm may have different sensitivities to BRs, with the most sensitive parts of the elongating culm being the division and elongation zones, where cells are actively dividing and elongating.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''In different elongation zones of the upper four internodes''', the expression of ''OsBRI1'' is also examined at the stage when each internode was actively elongating. The strong expression is in the elongation zone of the uppermost (first) and the lowest (fourth) internodes, whereas relatively weak expression is in the second and third internodes. Therefore, the internodes also differ in sensitivityto BRs, such that the second and third internodes are the least sensitive. Interestingly,the expression of ''OsBRI1'' was also high in the stem at the vegetative stage, in which the internodes do not elongate, indicating that high expression of ''OsBRI1'' in the culm does not necessarily coincide with internode elongation.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Mutation===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_mutation_positions_of_the_10_d61_alleles.png‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 2: The mutation positions of the 10 d61 alleles]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File: The_phenotypes_of_the_d61_mutants.png‎‎|left|thumb|250px|Figure 3: The phenotypes of the d61 mutants‎]]&lt;br /&gt;
A rice dm-type dwarf mutant d61 is isolated in 2000&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;. These mutant shows specific shortening of second internodes (dm-type mutants) and is less sensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs) compared to the wild type. They have also isolated the ''D61'' gene, named ''OsBRI1'', which encodes a putative protein kinase with a high similarity to ''BRI1'', a putative BR receptor in Arabidopsis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The structure of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The predicted ''OsBRI1'' polypeptide contains several domains that are similar in Arabidopsis ''BRI1'', including a putative signal peptide, two conservatively spaced cysteine pairs, a leucinerich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain and a kinase domain. Figure 2&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the structure model of the ''OsBRI1'' gene.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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'''The mutation of the ''OsBRI1'''''&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Figure 2 also shows the 10 mutation positions of the ''OsBRI1'' and their mutants information respectively. They are divided into three groups accouding to the phenotype. The mutant d61-1, d61-2 and d61-4 are respectively mild, intermediate and severe type. Figure 3&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt; shows the phenotype of them. A novel allelic mutant of the ''D61'' gene, ''Fn189'' is found in 2013, showing semi-dwarf stature and erect leaves.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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===Homologous Genes===&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_rice_genes_homologous_to_OsBRI1.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 4: Six The rice genes homologous to ''OsBRI1''.]]&lt;br /&gt;
Three homologous genes of ''BRI1'' have been reported in Arabidopsis: ''BRL1'', ''BRL2'', and ''BRL3''. Two of them, ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', can compensate for the ''BRI1'' function in ''bri1'' mutant plants. In rice, there are three homologous genes of ''OsBRI''. Comparing these rice proteins to the Arabidopsis proteins and other ''BRI1'' proteins, it is found that the ''OsBRI1'' protein fell into a group that included Arabidopsis, tomato, pea, and barley ''BRI1'' proteins. ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' were categorized into a group that included Arabidopsis ''BRL1'' and ''BRL3'', while ''OsBRL2'' was independently grouped with Arabidopsis ''BRL2''.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These homologous genes for ''OsBRI1'', ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', were highly expressed in roots but weakly expressed in shoots, and their expression was higher in d61-4 than in the wild type. In addition, ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'' are at least partly involved in BR perception in the roots. Taken together, these observations suggest that ''OsBRL1'' and ''OsBRL3'', but not ''OsBRL2'', have the ability to function as the BR receptor.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
Please input evolution information here.&lt;br /&gt;
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===Knowledge Extension===&lt;br /&gt;
'''Dwarf mutants and dwarf genes of rice'''&lt;br /&gt;
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[[File: The_relative_length_of_each_internode_to_the_total_culm.png|right|thumb|250px|Figure 5: Six groups of dwarf mutants]] &lt;br /&gt;
Numerous dwarf mutants of rice have been accumulated and characterized because of their agronomic importance. In rice, each internode is numbered from top to bottom such that the uppermost internode just below the panicle is the first. Based on the elongation pattern of the upper four or five internodes, dwarf mutants were classified into six groups: N-, dn-, dm-, d6-, nl- and sh-type.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
Figure5 shows schematically the relative length of each internode to the total culm in dwarf and wild plants, which is denoted by Takeda(1977). As for the dn-type mutants, the length of each internode is almost uniformly shortened, resulting in an elongation pattern similar to that of the wild-type plant. For the sh-and d6-type mutants, only the uppermost internode or the internodes below it are shortened, respectively. In the dm-type mutants, it is characterized by reduced elongation specifically in the 2nd internode counted from the top. Several recessive dwarfing genes, such as ''d1'', ''d2'', ''d11'' and a dominant gene ''Ssi1'' are known to confer such a characteristic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''The history of brassinosteroids studying'''&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Recent molecular genetic approaches have revealed that plant dwarfism is often caused by defects in the biosynthesis and perception of plant hormones such as gibberellin (GA) and brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are one of plant hormones that have various effects on plant growth and development, including cell elongation, cell division, vascular development, abscission, and stress resistance (Clouse and Sasse, 1998; Sasse, 1999). Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study of BRs began much later than that of other classical plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, GA, abscisic acid, and ethylene. The effect of BR was first demonstrated in the 1960s, and the isolation of brassinolide (BL), the most active BR, was accomplished in 1979 (Mandava, 1988; Sasse, 1999). Since then, the study of BRs has rapidly progressed, coupled with successful molecular genetics approaches in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The cloning of the BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the second plant hormone receptor ever to be cloned, was typical of the rapid progress in the study of BRs.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In Arabidopsis, for example, several mutants are BR-related mutants that have a distinctive dwarf phenotype with dark green rugose leaves. When grown in the dark, these mutants show a deetiolated (DET) phenotype with less hypocotyl elongation (Chory et al., 1991; Kauschmann et al., 1996). Through the characterization of these Arabidopsis mutants, BRs are shown to play important roles in normal growth and also in light and dark development during morphogenesis.&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=='''Labs working on this gene'''==&lt;br /&gt;
*Bioscience Center, and Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Functions Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Research institute for bioresources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata 943-8512, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Field Production Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo 188–0002, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411–8504, Japan&lt;br /&gt;
*National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China&lt;br /&gt;
*College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China&lt;br /&gt;
*Shandong Rice Research Institute, Jinan 250100, China&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yamamuro C; Ihara Y; Wu ; et al.(2000) Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. ''Plant Cell'' 12(9):1591-1605.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tomoaki Sakamoto;Yoichi Morinaka;Yoshiaki Inukai;Hidemi Kitano;Shozo Fujioka. (2013) Auxin signal transcription factor regulates expression of the brassinosteroid receptor gene in rice. ''The Plant Cell'' 12(9): 1591-1606.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Sunohara H, et al.(2006) The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice. ''Plant Physiology'' 2006;140(2):580-590.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref4&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Xiong W, Ihara Y, Takeda K, Kitano H.(1999) New dm-type dwarf mutants varying in internode elongation patterns are controlled by different mutant genes at the same locus in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ''Breeding Science'' 49(3):147-153.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;ref5&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Zhao J, Wu C, Yuan S, et al.(2013) Kinase activity of OsBRI1 is essential for brassinosteroids to regulate rice growth and development. ''Plant Science'' 199:113-120.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/references&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Structured Information==&lt;br /&gt;
{{JaponicaGene|&lt;br /&gt;
GeneName = Os01g0718300|&lt;br /&gt;
Description = Similar to Systemin receptor SR160 precursor (EC 2.7.1.37) (Brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase)|&lt;br /&gt;
Version = NM_001050612.1 GI:115439594 GeneID:4324691|&lt;br /&gt;
Length = 3857 bp|&lt;br /&gt;
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os01g0718300, complete gene.|&lt;br /&gt;
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  ORGANISM  Oryza sativa Japonica Group&lt;br /&gt;
            Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;&lt;br /&gt;
            Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP&lt;br /&gt;
            clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 1|Chromosome 1]]|&lt;br /&gt;
AP = Chromosome 1:31683441..31687297|&lt;br /&gt;
CDS = 31683812..31687177|&lt;br /&gt;
GCID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage1&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
GSID = &amp;lt;gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
name=NC_008394:31683441..31687297&lt;br /&gt;
source=RiceChromosome01&lt;br /&gt;
preset=GeneLocation&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gbrowseImage2&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
CDNA = &amp;lt;cdnaseq&amp;gt;atggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattag&amp;lt;/cdnaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
AA = &amp;lt;aaseq&amp;gt;MDSLWAAIAALFVAAAVVVRGAAAADDAQLLEEFRQAVPNQAAL                     KGWSGGDGACRFPGAGCRNGRLTSLSLAGVPLNAEFRAVAATLLQLGSVEVLSLRGAN                     VSGALSAAGGARCGSKLQALDLSGNAALRGSVADVAALASACGGLKTLNLSGDAVGAA                     KVGGGGGPGFAGLDSLDLSNNKITDDSDLRWMVDAGVGAVRWLDLALNRISGVPEFTN                     CSGLQYLDLSGNLIVGEVPGGALSDCRGLKVLNLSFNHLAGVFPPDIAGLTSLNALNL                     SNNNFSGELPGEAFAKLQQLTALSLSFNHFNGSIPDTVASLPELQQLDLSSNTFSGTI                     PSSLCQDPNSKLHLLYLQNNYLTGGIPDAVSNCTSLVSLDLSLNYINGSIPASLGDLG                     NLQDLILWQNELEGEIPASLSRIQGLEHLILDYNGLTGSIPPELAKCTKLNWISLASN                     RLSGPIPSWLGKLSYLAILKLSNNSFSGPIPPELGDCQSLVWLDLNSNQLNGSIPKEL                     AKQSGKMNVGLIVGRPYVYLRNDELSSECRGKGSLLEFTSIRPDDLSRMPSKKLCNFT                     RMYVGSTEYTFNKNGSMIFLDLSYNQLDSAIPGELGDMFYLMIMNLGHNLLSGTIPSR                     LAEAKKLAVLDLSYNQLEGPIPNSFSALSLSEINLSNNQLNGTIPELGSLATFPKSQY                     ENNTGLCGFPLPPCDHSSPRSSNDHQSHRRQASMASSIAMGLLFSLFCIIVIIIAIGS                     KRRRLKNEEASTSRDIYIDSRSHSATMNSDWRQNLSGTNLLSINLAAFEKPLQNLTLA                     DLVEATNGFHIACQIGSGGFGDVYKAQLKDGKVVAIKKLIHVSGQGDREFTAEMETIG                     KIKHRNLVPLLGYCKAGEERLLVYDYMKFGSLEDVLHDRKKIGKKLNWEARRKIAVGA                     ARGLAFLHHNCIPHIIHRDMKSSNVLIDEQLEARVSDFGMARLMSVVDTHLSVSTLAG                     TPGYVPPEYYQSFRCTTKGDVYSYGVVLLELLTGKPPTDSADFGEDNNLVGWVKQHTK                     LKITDVFDPELLKEDPSVELELLEHLKIACACLDDRPSRRPTMLKVMAMFKEIQAGST                     VDSKTSSAAAGSIDEGGYGVLDMPLREAKEEKD&amp;lt;/aaseq&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
DNA = &amp;lt;dnaseqindica&amp;gt;121..3486#atctcctcctcatcacttcccactctcccccttctgtctctctactttctctctctaccgccgctctcgcagcaggccaggttctctctaatggtcgtgaggcagtgagctcgctcgtacatggattccttgtgggcagcgatagcggcactgtttgtggcggcggcggtggtggtgaggggggcggcggcggccgacgacgcccagctgctcgaggagttcaggcaggcggtgccgaaccaggcggcgctcaaggggtggagcggcggcgacggcgcgtgcaggttcccgggggccgggtgccggaacgggaggctcacgtcgctgtcgctcgccggcgtgccgctcaatgccgagttccgcgccgtcgcggccaccctgctgcagctcggcagcgtcgaggtgctgagcctccgcggcgccaacgtcagcggcgcgctctcggcggctggcggcgcgaggtgcgggagcaagctgcaggcgctcgatttgtccgggaatgccgcgctccggggctccgtcgccgacgtggcggccctggccagcgcctgcggcggcctcaagacgctgaatctctccggcgatgcggttggtgcggcgaaggtcggtggcggtggtggcccgggctttgccgggctggactcgcttgatttgtccaacaacaagatcaccgacgatagcgacctccggtggatggtggatgccggagtcggggcagtacggtggttggaccttgccctgaacaggatctccggtgtcccggagttcaccaactgctccgggcttcagtaccttgacctctccggcaacctcatcgtcggtgaggtgcccggcggggcactttccgactgccgcggtctgaaagtgctcaacctctccttcaaccacctcgccggcgtgttccctccggacatcgccggcctcacgtcgctcaacgccctcaacctctccaacaacaacttctccggcgagctccccggcgaggctttcgcaaagctgcagcagcttacggcgctctccctctccttcaaccacttcaacggctccatcccggacaccgtagcctcgctgccggagctccagcagctcgacctcagctccaacaccttctccggcaccatcccgtcgtccctctgccaagatcccaactccaagctccatctgctgtaccttcagaacaactacctcaccggcggcatcccagacgccgtctccaactgcaccagcctcgtctccctcgacctcagcctcaactacatcaatgggtccatcccggcatccctcggcgaccttggcaacctgcaggacctcatcctgtggcagaacgagctggagggcgagataccggcgtccctgtcgcgcattcagggcctcgagcatctcatcctcgactacaacgggctcacgggtagcatcccgccggagctagccaagtgcaccaagctgaactggatttctttggcgagcaaccggctgtccgggccaatcccttcatggcttgggaagctcagctacttggctatcttgaagctcagcaacaattccttctcggggcctataccgccagagctcggtgactgccagagcttggtgtggctggacctgaatagcaatcagctgaatggatcaatacccaaagagctggccaaacagtctgggaagatgaatgttggcctcatagttggacggccttacgtttatcttcgcaacgacgagctgagcagcgagtgccgtggcaaggggagcttgctggagtttaccagcatccgacctgatgacctcagtcggatgccgagcaagaagctgtgcaacttcacaagaatgtatgtggggagcacggagtacaccttcaacaagaatggttcgatgatatttctcgatttgtcatataatcagctggactcggcgattcctggcgagctgggggacatgttctacctcatgatcatgaatcttgggcacaacctactgtcaggtaccatcccatcgcggctagcagaggccaagaagcttgcggtgcttgacctgtcgtataaccagttggaagggccaatacccaactctttctcggcactttccttgtcggagatcaatctgtcaaataatcagctgaatggaacaattccagagcttggttcccttgccacatttccgaagagccagtatgagaataacactggtttatgtggcttcccactgccaccatgtgaccatagttccccaagatcttccaatgaccaccaatcccaccggaggcaggcatcgatggcaagcagtatcgctatgggactgttattctcactgttctgtataattgtgatcatcatagccattgggagcaagcggcggaggctgaagaatgaggaggcgagtacctctcgtgatatatatattgatagcaggtcacattctgcaactatgaattctgattggaggcaaaatctctccggtacaaatcttcttagcatcaacctggctgcattcgagaagccattgcagaatctcaccctggctgatcttgttgaggccacaaatggcttccacatcgcatgccaaattgggtctggtgggtttggtgatgtctacaaggcacagctcaaggatgggaaggttgttgcaatcaagaagctaatacatgtgagcgggcagggtgaccgggagttcactgcagaaatggagaccattggcaagatcaaacaccgtaaccttgttccacttcttggctattgcaaggctggtgaggagcggttgttggtgtatgattacatgaagtttggcagcttggaggatgtgttgcatgaccgcaaaaagatcggtaaaaagctgaattgggaggcaagacggaaaatcgctgttggagcagcaaggggtttggcattcctccaccacaattgcattcctcacatcattcaccgagacatgaagtcgagcaatgtgcttatcgatgaacaactggaagcaagggtatctgatttcggtatggcgaggctgatgagcgtggtggatacacaccttagcgtgtccactcttgctggaacgccagggtatgtaccaccggagtactaccagagcttcagatgcaccaccaagggtgatgtttatagctatggtgttgtgttgctggagctgctcaccgggaaaccgccgacggactcggcagactttggcgaggacaataaccttgtggggtgggtcaagcagcacaccaaattgaagatcacggatgtcttcgaccctgagctactcaaggaggatccatccgtcgagcttgagctgctggagcatttgaaaatcgcctgtgcgtgcttggatgaccggccgtcgaggcggccgacgatgctgaaggtgatggcaatgttcaaggagatccaagctgggtcgacggtcgactcgaagacctcgtcggcggcagcgggctcgatcgatgagggaggctatggggtccttgacatgcccctcagggaagccaaggaggagaaggattagaaacaacaaccaccgacacacaggagaaacagccggcggtgagtggccaccaacgaggccagtcggcggcgaaatgcccgtagaaacaacagtcattcagaatcagatggatgccattttgaactctccacacaagcttagcaatcgcttctgatggtgctacaagataagaattttccagctgtaggttgatcagtcgaagttgttatgtacctataggagtagatcttttcttctttcttttttcgcagctttcttcgtctccctgtttgtttttcccgtcgcgtcgcagtaagagctgtgtatgtacatatataaatgttgaattttctttggcgcaaaatcaaaatccgcctaggttgctcctcgtc&amp;lt;/dnaseqindica&amp;gt;|&lt;br /&gt;
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001050612.1 RefSeq:Os01g0718300]|&lt;br /&gt;
}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 1]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Chromosome 1]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Wangxf09sk</name></author>	</entry>

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