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(A)Molecular mapping ofSTAR1using 716 F2 Al-sensitive mutants from astar1/Kasalath population. Molecular markers and their genetic distances in a Rice Genome Research Program (RGP) genetic map are given above the vertical lines, and the numbers below the vertical lines represent recombinants between each marker and the gene. The long horizontal line interrupted by two parallel lines represents the rice chromosome 6, and overlapped horizontal lines indicate the PAC clones.STAR1was finally mapped to an 88-kb candidate region on PAC clone AP003771. (B)Candidate genes ofSTAR1. Fourteen genes were predicted to occur in the 88-kb candidate region based on the pseudomolecules annotation of the rice genome. Black boxes represent retrotransposons, a white box indicates the mutated gene, and gray boxes represent other candidate genes that lack mutations. (C)Gene structure ofSTAR1. White boxes indicate exons, and black horizontal lines represent introns. STAR1contains four exons and three introns. The position of the deletion mutation instar1caused byg-ray irradiation is indicated with a filled black triangle. (D)Phylogenetic relationship of the STAR1 protein in maize,Arabidopsis,V. vinefera(grapevine), the mossP. patens,Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus (a thermophile), andEscherichia coli. The sequences used to generate the phylogeny are presented in Supplemental Data Set 1 online. Bootstrap values from 1000 trials are indicated. The 0.1 scale shows substitution distance.(E) and(F) Complementation test. (E) Relative root elongation (root elongation with Al/root elongation without Alx100) of two independent transgenic lines transformed withSTAR1 genomic fragment, the vector control, the wild type, andstar1grown in hydroponic conditions. The seedlings were exposed to an aluminum solution for 24 h. Data are means6SDof biological replicates (n=10).

(F) Root growth on acidic soil (Andosol; pH 4.8). The seedlings were grown for 10 d.