Os04g0106300 - Revision history

192.168.72.52: /* Structured Information */

2015-06-12T06:59:26Z

‎Structured Information

Xysj2012 at 09:25, 16 April 2015

2015-04-16T09:25:55Z

Xysj2012: /* Labs working on this gene */

2015-04-16T09:25:35Z

‎Labs working on this gene

Xysj2012 at 09:24, 16 April 2015

2015-04-16T09:24:57Z

Xysj2012: /* Conserved Domains */

2015-04-16T09:23:44Z

‎Conserved Domains

Xysj2012: /* Labs working on this gene */

2015-04-16T09:10:46Z

‎Labs working on this gene

Shijc at 07:04, 9 June 2014

2014-06-09T07:04:48Z

Daweih: Created page with "==Structured Information== {{JaponicaGene| GeneName = Os04g0106300| Description = Similar to Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1)| Version = NM_001058548.1 GI:115456825 GeneID:4334912| Lengt..."

2014-06-09T05:26:40Z

Created page with "==Structured Information== {{JaponicaGene| GeneName = Os04g0106300| Description = Similar to Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1)| Version = NM_001058548.1 GI:115456825 GeneID:4334912| Lengt..."

New page

==Structured Information==
{{JaponicaGene|
GeneName = Os04g0106300|
Description = Similar to Arginase (EC 3.5.3.1)|
Version = NM_001058548.1 GI:115456825 GeneID:4334912|
Length = 4240 bp|
Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group Os04g0106300, complete gene.|
Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group

ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
|
Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Chromosome 4|Chromosome 4]]|
AP = Chromosome 4:387137..391376|
CDS = 387263..387409,388810..388969,389058..389191,389410..389619,389932..390042<br>,390883..391143|
GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
name=NC_008397:387137..391376
source=RiceChromosome04
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage1>|
GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
name=NC_008397:387137..391376
source=RiceChromosome04
preset=GeneLocation
</gbrowseImage2>|
CDNA = <cdnaseq>atgggcggcgtggcggcgggcaccaggtggatccaccacgtccggcggctcagcgccgccaaggtgtcggcggacgccctggagcgcggccagagccgggtcatcgacgcctccctcaccctcatccgcgagcgcgccaagctcaaggcagagttgctgcgcgctcttggtggtgtgaaagcttcagcatgcctcttaggtgttcctcttggtcacaactcatcgttcttacagggacctgcatttgctcctccccggataagggaagccatttggtgtggaagtaccaactctagcacagaagaaggcaaagaactcaatgatcctcgagtgctaacagatgttggtgatgtccccatacaagagattcgtgactgtggtgttgaagatgacagattgatgaatgttgtaagcgagtctgtcaaaacagtgatggaggaagatcctcttcggccattggtcctgggaggcgatcactcaatatcttatccagttgttagggctgtgtctgaaaagcttggtggacctgttgacattcttcaccttgacgcacatccagatatctacgatgcttttgaaggaaacatctattcgcatgcttcttcatttgcaagaataatggaaggaggttatgctaggaggcttctacaggttggaatcagatcaattaccaaagaagggcgtgagcaggggaagagatttggtgtggaacagtatgagatgcgcactttttcaaaagatagggagaagcttgaaagtctgaaacttggggaaggtgtgaagggagtgtacatctcagttgacgtggactgcctcgatcccgctttcgcgccaggtgtctctcacattgagccaggaggcctctccttccgcgacgtgctcaacatcctccataacctgcaaggagatgttgtcgccggagatgtggtggagttcaacccgcagcgtgacacggtggacgggatgacggctatggttgcagccaagctggtccgggagctcacagccaagatctccaagtga</cdnaseq>|
AA = <aaseq>MGGVAAGTRWIHHVRRLSAAKVSADALERGQSRVIDASLTLIRE RAKLKAELLRALGGVKASACLLGVPLGHNSSFLQGPAFAPPRIREAIWCGSTNSSTEE GKELNDPRVLTDVGDVPIQEIRDCGVEDDRLMNVVSESVKTVMEEDPLRPLVLGGDHS ISYPVVRAVSEKLGGPVDILHLDAHPDIYDAFEGNIYSHASSFARIMEGGYARRLLQV GIRSITKEGREQGKRFGVEQYEMRTFSKDREKLESLKLGEGVKGVYISVDVDCLDPAF APGVSHIEPGGLSFRDVLNILHNLQGDVVAGDVVEFNPQRDTVDGMTAMVAAKLVREL TAKISK</aaseq>|
DNA = <dnaseqindica>127..273#1674..1833#1922..2055#2274..2483#2796..2906#3747..4007#ggggcggtgcactgcattattgttgcctcgctcgctcgatcgatcccctctcctctccaaatcccatccccaaatcccgaatcctccatcgagatcgatcgacgtcgagcggagcgaaggggggatatgggcggcgtggcggcgggcaccaggtggatccaccacgtccggcggctcagcgccgccaaggtgtcggcggacgccctggagcgcggccagagccgggtcatcgacgcctccctcaccctcatccgcgagcgcgccaagctcaaggtcctctctctctctctctccccacccatttcatcttcatcctgctttgcagcgatcctctttctccaggttccccttctttttttaaaaagctgcatattcctttcggttcgatttcaccccctttttcttttatttatttatattcgcccagttaatgggtaatcatgtttagtgtcagtatcacccggtctttttcttttcttttcttttccttttactagtggtagcatgtgctctccctttgttaacattgtatcctgctactgctaatcgattagttaattatacaccattctgttgttctcacacttgctctctctctctctctctctctctctctctgcacctgtgcacccaaaaatttttttttttttgctacttaactttactgacttactaccagtaataataatctcttaatgcaacaaccataatatagcacttgcgttcagatagggggcatccttacaacactactctgatgtcgcatttgattctgaaacccccacccacctgtactacccaaaccccccttttttttttacttatgttgcttttaagtcgattcaacacgcaccaaatgttgtaggaccagactttcaacagcacaagtactccacacaagaaattaagtggcttacctttacaatcagctcttccctcaaattgtaggacaagatacaggactatcattaatacgacccttggctttgtcatgaactgactgttgtatgacctgttttttcttcttttctgtgaaatttaatcaatcattaattaaccatctaccaggctttcaaatcatatcgcgaatgcgtaatggatacatgggttggatctgtacacctacattttacatctgctacctcaagtgtttttttgtttgcaactcattttatatatgctacctcaagtgttattttttttgtctgcaacttatgtaacgattgagtccttttaaggctcatatcaaaattatttagtgggccaaggactaagatatggtcaaagatggtccttcgcacacagcattgctttcagcctttgcttcagctgtaatccaacgtcctcttagcttaatctacagatttatgttctttctctgaagcaattatgtttaccatgttgcacctgaatacctaacaaattagagatggaaaagtttaacatttggagctactttgtttgagttcgtaaataaacctatggctcattgagagtggcattaatcgtacattctctgcaaactagtcttagtgtttttttttcagattctaaagattttaaacttcagtttctacaagattacttcattctaggatcaaatcttttaattaatcttgtaacatttctgacaactctgccaaccctgacttggaacttttgcttgtgtgcaggcagagttgctgcgcgctcttggtggtgtgaaagcttcagcatgcctcttaggtgttcctcttggtcacaactcatcgttcttacagggacctgcatttgctcctccccggataagggaagccatttggtgtggaagtaccaactctagcacagaagaaggtacagttaacgtgttcaaactatatagtagcatatcttgtatacaataagcatttattgaaatatgccttgccttcttgttgttcaggcaaagaactcaatgatcctcgagtgctaacagatgttggtgatgtccccatacaagagattcgtgactgtggtgttgaagatgacagattgatgaatgttgtaagcgagtctgtcaaaacagtgatggaggaagtgagcacattatcccaccatgcttgtttcaaaaacttgtttgtcgatcatctcagctatttccttgacagtagttagcataattttttgaagtttatttaaggatctggtgaagtctgacatacatcttaattaattttaggacaaatatttgcttggacaaaacttaaagctattgaagcagagtaatttattaactatgccatacttttatgtaggatcctcttcggccattggtcctgggaggcgatcactcaatatcttatccagttgttagggctgtgtctgaaaagcttggtggacctgttgacattcttcaccttgacgcacatccagatatctacgatgcttttgaaggaaacatctattcgcatgcttcttcatttgcaagaataatggaaggaggttatgctaggaggcttctacaggtacttttatacagcttttcgttgttttttgagggaatcaccaggagggttggtatcccacttgtatatctttgagttctgcattccagaactatcatagtactactgaatggatgtttatctaaacaaagggactactattgaatgaacgaacgaatgaatgaagtatctcttttatttttaagcccaaatttaaggagaaggaaaatacaaacacaatattgaaatattgggttataatcttctctataactagcgcagctgtcattgctctgaaaatatggtttcacctttaatcctgatggttttcaggttggaatcagatcaattaccaaagaagggcgtgagcaggggaagagatttggtgtggaacagtatgagatgcgcactttttcaaaagatagggagaagcttgaaagtctggtaattttactaaaaataaccacgtcaatgtctttgcaatcacctgggtaattttaatatgatgattggggacatatagtattgatgtgtgttatgattctttgtagtgtgataattgcaaatttgcacttggccattcatttaaacatactaatgtatctatttggcccaaaggagttttagggtccttttgggctctgttactgcctccacagcttttggtctctcttcaagttgcaactctgatacctctaccataatgttagataaactatcatgggattaagtttaatgctgtaatctattcgtagatgctctgtttggacagccttgtctacaacaggttggcaaccaaggccatgggtgtctagtttgaactttcaatgctttggcgatgttaacctaggaaactttggtagcttggaccaagatttgccattaacttggtttgtcaccaaaatttggcaaggggccgttcgcattggctccctaatctgtttttataaccaaacttcatcagtcgatgggctttgtagtgtgccttgtggaaatagctattcataaaattgcttaaaaaataaagtggcagagtgacagttaccttgtcaaaaccatcaagatctgttggaaagtcaccctgttacctgtcattgttgtatttaaccagctgaaaaaggaaggttcacaagtggaacttaggattaagccaatgttttatttattttccaaagtaaaattttgatgccatccaatctatgtatatgtgtttcccagttgggatccatagcatggatatccttttatccaaatgtctaacttattctttttatttattggcagaaacttggggaaggtgtgaagggagtgtacatctcagttgacgtggactgcctcgatcccgctttcgcgccaggtgtctctcacattgagccaggaggcctctccttccgcgacgtgctcaacatcctccataacctgcaaggagatgttgtcgccggagatgtggtggagttcaacccgcagcgtgacacggtggacgggatgacggctatggttgcagccaagctggtccgggagctcacagccaagatctccaagtgagcatccattcagattcagggcatatcatatcaccaaccaaccccttgagtctgaagcagcaaagaggatgattcccagactcctttagctgttagtctaggttcctatgtagtagacatcagctatgccagattttgtatgtgaatatactcattaggttgcaataatgtttgcctccattttgcacttgtgatgttatggttatccctcatcatcgtgtgctagaagaatgc</dnaseqindica>|
Link = [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001058548.1 RefSeq:Os04g0106300]|
}}
[[Category:Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
[[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]]
[[Category:Japonica Genes]]
[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 4]]
[[Category:Chromosome 4]]

@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ===Conserved Domains===
-[[File:Shijc-Os04g0106300-Fig5.png|center|thumb|727px| ''Conserved Domains of OsARG (from NCBI BLASTP).'']]
+[[File:Shijc-Os04g0106300-Fig5.png|center|thumb|727px| ''Conserved Domains of OsARG (from NCBI).'']]
 ==References==

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 OsARG is a potential gene for improving rice nitrogen use efficiency.Improving nitrogen use efficiency is an important objective of breeding programs. In maize over-expressing the Gln1-3 gene, an increase in kernel number was observed under either high-nitrogen or low-nitrogen growth conditions. <ref name="ref16" /> A recent investigation of rice transformed with the cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) gene indicated that, due to enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, lines over-expressing GS1 exhibited a 25–35% higher spikelet yield. <ref name="ref17" />The possibility of increasing OsARG expression, highlighting the potential use of manipulation of OsARG expression to improve rice yield under sub-optimal nitrogen conditions. However, extensive field experiments are needed. <ref name="ref11" />
-==Labs working on this gene==
+===Labs working on this gene===
 .National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ===Knowledge Extension===
 OsARG is a potential gene for improving rice nitrogen use efficiency.Improving nitrogen use efficiency is an important objective of breeding programs. In maize over-expressing the Gln1-3 gene, an increase in kernel number was observed under either high-nitrogen or low-nitrogen growth conditions. <ref name="ref16" /> A recent investigation of rice transformed with the cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) gene indicated that, due to enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, lines over-expressing GS1 exhibited a 25–35% higher spikelet yield. <ref name="ref17" />The possibility of increasing OsARG expression, highlighting the potential use of manipulation of OsARG expression to improve rice yield under sub-optimal nitrogen conditions. However, extensive field experiments are needed. <ref name="ref11" />
 ==Labs working on this gene==
@@ Line 32: / Line 29: @@
 .National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
 ==References==

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 16 April 2015
Line 24:		Line 24:

	===Conserved Domains===		===Conserved Domains===
		+	[[File:Shijc-Os04g0106300-Fig5.png\|center\|thumb\|727px\|'''Figure 3.''' ''Structure of OsXa21 (from NCBI BLASTP).'']]

	==Labs working on this gene==		==Labs working on this gene==

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ===Knowledge Extension===
 OsARG is a potential gene for improving rice nitrogen use efficiency.Improving nitrogen use efficiency is an important objective of breeding programs. In maize over-expressing the Gln1-3 gene, an increase in kernel number was observed under either high-nitrogen or low-nitrogen growth conditions. <ref name="ref16" /> A recent investigation of rice transformed with the cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) gene indicated that, due to enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, lines over-expressing GS1 exhibited a 25–35% higher spikelet yield. <ref name="ref17" />The possibility of increasing OsARG expression, highlighting the potential use of manipulation of OsARG expression to improve rice yield under sub-optimal nitrogen conditions. However, extensive field experiments are needed. <ref name="ref11" />
 ==Labs working on this gene==

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ==Structured Information==
 [[Category:Genes]]
 [[Category:Japonica mRNA]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 9 June 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	''OsARG'' is a key enzyme in Arg catabolism and plays a critical role during panicle development.
		+
		+	==Annotated Information==
		+	===Function===
		+	[[File:Shijc-Os04g0106300-Fig1.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|'' Phenotypic characteristics of the nglf-1 mutant. (from reference <ref name="ref11" />).'']]
		+	''OsARG'' encodes an arginase in rice. Arginine is one of the main amino acids in nitrogen recycling and remobilization. In the case of rice, remobilized nitrogen from the vegetative organs accounts for 70-90% of the total panicle nitrogen. <ref name="ref1" /> <ref name="ref2" /> The Arg concentration in leaves, roots and seeds varied from 0.4% to 3.4%, and abnormally high Arg levels ranging from 7.5 to 11.6% of total free amino acids, Arg which originate from the recycling of nitrogen, have been found in phloem sap. <ref name="ref3" /><ref name="ref4" /><ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" />The difference in the Arg concentration of storage organs versus phloem sap in the reproductive stage is probably due to the activity of ''OsARG''.
		+	Arg catabolism is well known for providing a significant portion of nitrogen during seedling development. Arginase, urease and its co-enzymes, and glutamine synthetases all play important roles in this pathway. Until now, only ''OsGS1;1'' was found to exert an effect on panicle development in rice. <ref name="ref7" /> Under low exogenous nitrogen conditions, the panicle mainly utilized the nitrogen hydrolyzed from Arg catabolism; when exogenous nitrogen supplementation was increased, the pattern of nitrogen utilization in the panicles shifted to depend much more on exogenous nitrogen. The pathway that is used depends on the exogenous nutrition concentration, as described for nitrogen.<ref name="ref8" />
		+
		+	===Mutation===
		+	[[File:Shijc-Os04g0106300-Fig2.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|'' Schematic diagram of the structure of OsARG. (from reference <ref name="ref11" />).'']]
		+	The rice narrow-grain and low-fertility mutant ''nglf-1'' was derived from an anther culture of autotetraploid indica/japonica hybrid H3774 (H2088 × H891). <ref name="ref9" /><ref name="ref10" />Sequence comparison revealed a single nucleotide substitution resulting in a stop codon (TGA) in ORF8 of ''nglf-1''. It has been verify that the mutation in ''OsARG'' is responsible for the ''nglf-1'' phenotype. <ref name="ref11" />
		+
		+	===Expression===
		+	[[File:Shijc-Os04g0106300-Fig3.png\|right\|thumb\|300px\|'' Expression of OsARG in various organs of WT and mutant nglf-1 analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis.(from reference <ref name="ref11" />).'']]
		+	OsARG is expressed ubiquitously in all organs, including the root, stem, leaf blade, leaf sheath and panicle. Compared to WT, the expression in ''nglf-1'' is reduced. The ''OsARG'' protein was localized in the mitochondria, consistent with other arginases. <ref name="ref11" />
		+
		+	===Evolution===
		+	[[File:Shijc-Os04g0106300-Fig4.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|''Phylogenetic analysis of OsARG and related proteins. (from reference <ref name="ref11" />).'']]
		+	In the rice genome, ''OsARG'' is the only gene encoding arginase. A BLAST search with translated ''OsARG'' revealed that most plant arginases are encoded by one or two genes. ''OsARG'' has high identity with proteins from other organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, <ref name="ref12" /> Solanum lycopersicum, <ref name="ref13" /> Pinus taeda <ref name="ref14" /> and Glycine max. <ref name="ref15" /> ''OsARG'' also has high identity with arginases from five genera of monocotyledonous plants, including the arginases in Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Brachypodium distachyon, Triticum aestivum and Hordeum vulgare, all of which are members of the same clade, distinguishing them from all dicotyledonous species analyzed. The shared identity may indicate a different role in monocotyledonous plants than in dicotyledonous species.
		+	The ''OsARG'' protein comprises 340 residues with a predicted molecular mass of 36.96 kDa and pI of 5.90. Sequence alignment indicated a conserved arginase domain, and all plant arginases contain two His and four Asp residues that bind the Mn2+ co-factor. <ref name="ref13" /> A predicted mitochondrial targeting peptide is located at the N-terminal end, and this region showed the greatest diversity among various plant arginases. <ref name="ref11" />
		+
		+	===Knowledge Extension===
		+	OsARG is a potential gene for improving rice nitrogen use efficiency.Improving nitrogen use efficiency is an important objective of breeding programs. In maize over-expressing the Gln1-3 gene, an increase in kernel number was observed under either high-nitrogen or low-nitrogen growth conditions. <ref name="ref16" /> A recent investigation of rice transformed with the cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) gene indicated that, due to enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, lines over-expressing GS1 exhibited a 25–35% higher spikelet yield. <ref name="ref17" />The possibility of increasing OsARG expression, highlighting the potential use of manipulation of OsARG expression to improve rice yield under sub-optimal nitrogen conditions. However, extensive field experiments are needed. <ref name="ref11" />
		+
		+	==Labs working on this gene==
		+	1.National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
		+
		+	2.Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
		+
		+	3.National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
		+
		+	==References==
		+	<references>
		+	<ref name="ref1"> Mae, T. (1997) Physiological nitrogen ef?ciency in rice: nitrogen utilization, photosynthesis, and yield potential. Plant Soil, 196, 201-210.</ref>
		+	<ref name="ref2"> Tabuchi, M., Abiko, T. and Yamaya, T. (2007) Assimilation of ammonium ions and reutilization of nitrogen in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Exp. Bot. 58, 2319-2327.</ref>
		+	<ref name="ref3"> Cagampang, G.B., Cruz, L.J. and Juliano, B.O. (1971) Free amino acids in the bleeding sap and developing grain of the rice plant. Cereal Chem. 48, 533-539. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref4"> Hayashi, H. and Chino, M. (1990) Chemical composition of phloem sap from the uppermost internode of the rice plant. Plant Cell Physiol. 31, 247-251. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref5"> Sogawa, K., Hattori, M. and Liu, G. (2002) Free amino acid (FAA) analysis of phloem sap in hybrid rice Shanyou 63 and its parents. Chinese Rice Res. News. 10, 8-9. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref6"> Takahashi, H., Hayashi, M., Goto, F., Sato, S., Soga, T., Nishioka, T., Tomita, M., Kawai-Yamada, M. and Uchimiya, H. (2006) Evaluation of metabolic alteration in transgenic rice overexpressing dihydro?avonol-4-reductase. Ann. Bot. 98, 819-825. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref7"> Tabuchi, M., Sugiyama, K., Ishiyama, K., Inoue, E., Sato, T., Takahashi, H. and Yamaya, T. (2005) Severe reduction in growth rate and grain ?lling of rice mutants lacking OsGS1;1, a cytosolic glutamine synthetase1;1. Plant J. 42, 641-651.</ref>
		+	<ref name="ref8"> Howarth, J.R., Parmar, S., Jones, J., Shepherd, C.E., Corol, D.I., Galster, A.M., Hawkins, N.D., Miller, S.J., Baker, J.M. and Verrier, P.J. (2008) Co-ordinated expression of amino acid metabolism in response to N and S de?ciency during wheat grain ?lling. J. Exp. Bot. 59, 3675-3689. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref9"> Cheng, Z.J., Qin, R.Z., Zhang, X., Lei, C.L., Guo, X.P. and Wan, J.M. (2005) Molecular mechanism for phenotypic mutation arisen from polyploidization in plant. Acta Agron. Sin. 31, 940 - 943. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref10"> Qin, R.Z., Cheng, Z.J. and Guo, X.P. (2005) The establishment of mutant pool using anther culture of autotetrapolyploid rice. Acta Agron. Sin. 31, 392 - 394. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref11"> Xuefeng Ma, X.F., Zhijun Cheng , Z.J., Qin, R.Z., Qiu, Y., Heng, Y.Q., Yang, H., Ren Y.L., Wang, X.L., Bi, J.C., Ma, X.D., Zhang, X., Wang, J.L., Lei, C.L., Guo, X.P., Wang, L., Wu, F.Q., Jiang L., Wang, H.Y. and Wan, J.M. (2013) OsARG encodes an arginase that plays critical roles in panicle development and grain production in rice. Plant J. 73, 190-200.</ref>
		+	<ref name="ref12"> Flores, T., Todd, C.D., Tovar-Mendez, A., Dhanoa, P.K., Correa-Aragunde,N., Hoyos, M.E., Brown?eld, D.M., Mullen, R.T., Lamattina, L. and Polac-co, J.C. (2008) Arginase-negative mutants of Arabidopsis exhibitincreased nitric oxide signaling in root development. Plant Physiol. 147,1936 - 1946. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref13">Chen, H., McCaig, B.C., Melotto, M., He, S.Y. and Howe, G.A. (2004) Regula- tion of plant arginase by wounding, jasmonate, and the phytotoxin coronatine. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 45998 - 46007.</ref>
		+	<ref name="ref14"> Todd, C.D., Cooke, J.E.K., Mullen, R.T. and Gifford, D.J. (2001) Regulation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) arginase in developing seedling tissue during germination and post-germinative growth. Plant Mol. Biol. 45, 555 - 565.</ref>
		+	<ref name="ref15"> Goldraij, A. and Polacco, J.C. (1999) Arginase is inoperative in developing soybean embryos. Plant Physiol. 119, 297 - 304. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref16"> Martin, A., Lee, J., Kichey, T. et al. (2006) Two cytosolic glutamine synthe- tase isoforms of maize are speci?cally involved in the control of grain production. Plant Cell, 18, 3252 - 3274. </ref>
		+	<ref name="ref17"> Brauer, E.K., Rochon, A., Bi, Y.-M., Bozzo, G.G., Rothstein, S.J. and Barry, J. S. (2011) Reappraisal of nitrogen use ef?ciency in rice overexpressing glutamine synthetase1. Physiol. Plant. 141, 361 - 372. </ref>
		+	</references>
		+
	==Structured Information==		==Structured Information==
	{{JaponicaGene\|		{{JaponicaGene\|