Os04g0413500 - Revision history

192.168.72.52 at 07:03, 12 June 2015

2015-06-12T07:03:39Z

Huangdongd2013: /* References */

2014-06-09T16:12:07Z

‎References

Huangdongd2013: /* References */

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Huangdongd2013: /* Annotated Information */

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‎Annotated Information

Huangdongd2013: /* Annotated Information */

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Huangdongd2013: /* References */

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‎References

Huangdongd2013: /* Knowledge Extension */

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‎Knowledge Extension

Huangdongd2013: /* Expression */

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‎Expression

Huangdongd2013: /* Expression */

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‎Expression

Huangdongd2013: /* Function */

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‎Function

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 ==Structured Information==
 [[Category:Genes]]
 [[Category:Japonica mRNA]]

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 <ref name="ref8"> Xue, W.et al.Natural variation inGhd7is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice.Nat. Genet.40, 761–767 (2008). </ref>
 <ref name="ref9"> Takai, T., Fukuta, Y., Shiraiwa, T. & Horie, T. Time-related mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling grain-filling in rice (Oryza sativaL.).J. Exp. Bot. 56, 2107–2118 (2005) </ref>
 ==Structured Information==

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 == References ==
 <references>
-<ref name="ref1">Wang E., Wang JJ., Zhu XD., et al. Control of rice grain-filling and yield by a gene with a potential signature of domestication. Nature Genetics 2008, 40(11): 1370-1374.</ref>
+<ref name="ref1"> Sturm, A. & Tang, G.Q. The sucrose-cleaving enzymes of plants are crucial for development, growth and carbon partitioning. Trends Plant Sci. 4, 401–407 (1999). </ref>
-<ref name="ref2">Wang E., Xu X., Zhang L., et al. Duplication and independent selection of cell-wall invertase genes GIF1 and OsCIN1 during rice evolution and domestication. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10: 108</ref>
+<ref name="ref2"> Ertao Wang. Control of rice grain-filling and yield by a gene with a potential signature of domestication. Nature genetics. doi:10.1038/ng.220.</ref>
-<ref name="ref3">Wang ET, Wang JJ, Zhu XD, Hao W, Wang LY, Li Q, Zhang LX, He W, Lu BR, Lin HX, Ma H, Zhang GQ, He ZH: Control of rice grain-filling and yield by a gene with potential signature of domestication. Nat Genet 2008, 40:1270-1274.</ref>
+<ref name="ref3"> Roitsch, T. & Gonzalez, M.C. Function and regulation of plant invertases: sweet sensations.Tr ends Plant Sci.9, 606–613 (2004). </ref>
-<ref name="ref4">Cho JI, Lee SK, Ko S, Kim HK, Jun SH, Lee YH, Bhoo SH, Lee KW, An G, Hahn TR, Jeon JS: Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the cell wall invertase gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L). Plant Cell Rep 2005, 24:225-236.</ref>
+<ref name="ref4"> Cho, J.I.et al.Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the cell wall invertase gene family in rice (Oryza sativaL.).Plant Cell Rep.24, 225–236 (2005). </ref>
-<ref name="ref5">Lu F, Ammiraju JS, Sanyal A, Zhang S, Song R, Chen J, Li G, Sui Y, Song X,Cheng Z, de Oliveira AC, Bennetzen JL, Jackson SA, Wing RA, Chen M: Comparative sequence analysis of MONOCULM1-orthologous regions in 14 Oryza genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009, 106:2071-2076.</ref>
+<ref name="ref5"> Wang et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology2010, 10:108. Duplication and independent selection of cell-wall invertase genes GIF1 and OsCIN1 during rice evolution and domestication. </ref>
-<ref name="ref6">Taylor JS, Raes J: Duplication and divergence: the evolution of new genes and old ideas. Annu Rev Genet 2004, 38:615-643.</ref>
+<ref name="ref6"> International Rice Genome Sequencing Project. The map based sequence of the rice genome.Nature436, 793–800 (2005). </ref>
-</references>
+<ref name="ref7"> Yano, M. Genetic and molecular dissection of naturally occurring variation.Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.4, 130–135 (2001). </ref>
 ==Structured Information==

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 ===Function===
 '''''GIF1'' ((grain incomplete filling 1))''' plays an important role in crop cultivation which controlling crop grain-filling remain elusive. The cultivated ''GIF1'' gene shows a restricted expression pattern during grain-filling compared to the wild rice allele. Fine mapping with introgression lines revealed that the wild rice ''GIF1'' is responsible for grain weight reduction<ref name="ref2" />. The overexpression of ''GIF1'' driven by its native promoter increased grain production. It is suggested that ''GIF1'' is a potential domestication gene and that such a domestication-selected gene can be used for further crop improvement<ref name="ref2" />. ''GIF'' protein could control rice tissues, including the number of the starch grain. The ''GIF1'' gene in modern cultivated rice is specifically expressed in strict organization which good for grain filling, increasing the yield of rice<ref name="ref2" />.The ''GIF1'' gene is responsible for controlling Sucrose Enzyme (enzyme) activity which is located in the cell wall. the ''GIF1''could converse sucrose to starch material for manufacturing.The Sucrose Enzyme play an important role in starch formation. If the Sucrose Enzyme is inactive, rice plants might not make full edible grain.
-GIF protein is capable of controlling rice tissues, including the number of grains of starch. Modern cultivated GIF1 gene  rice has tissues strict specificity, which can in favor of grain filling and improve rice yields.GIF1 gene is responsible for controlling invertase (invertase) activity, wihch is located on the cell wall. Invertase can put sugar into a substance used in the manufacture of starch<ref name="ref2" /><ref name="ref1" />.
+GIF protein is capable of controlling rice tissues, including the number of grains of starch. Modern cultivated GIF1 gene  rice has tissues strict specificity, which can in favor of grain filling and improve rice yields.GIF1 gene is responsible for controlling invertase (invertase) activity, wihch is located on the cell wall. Invertase can put sugar into a substance used in the manufacture of starch<ref name="ref2" /><ref name="ref1" />.GIF1, also encodes a cell-wall invertase that regulates sugar levels in specific tissues, most evidently in the ovular vascular and lateral stylar vascular traces of the developing grain and in the rapidly elongating internodes and roots, where a large amount of sugars is required to support cell division and growth. Assimilated carbon, mainly in the form of sucrose, is transported from the leaf (source) to the vascular trace of seed (sink) <ref name="ref1" />. where sucrose is hydrolyzed in the extracellular space into monosaccharides, which are then transported into the endosperm for starch synthesis.GIF1 is a key regulator of this process and has a role in sucrose unloading, which is important in grain development.GIF1was most likely subjected to selection for better grain-filling to achieve a good harvest in cultivated rice<ref name="ref2" />. The GIF1gene could increase yield potential through improved grain-filling in the transgenic lines,providing experimental evidence that a domestication-like agronomic trait gene can still be altered by molecular breeding to improve yield in a modern variety.GIF1might be particularly useful for breeding highyield hybrid rice.
 ===Grain-filling and sugar content of ''gif1'' mutant VS. Wild-type rice.===
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 . The mapping experiment made by ''Wang et al.'' revealed that the wild rice ''GIF1'' is most likely to be the gene that decreases grain weight in the introgression lines. The further analyzed the effect of cultivated alleles on grain-filling using three introgression lines in a recurrent Huajingxian 74 (indica) background with two japonica alleles and one indica allele with distinct origins (in total, two japonica alleles and two indica alleles). It could be proved that these introgression lines showed no difference in grain weight, suggesting that the cultivated rice alleles of indica and japonica have the same effect on grain-filling.
 ===Knowledge Extension===
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 '''Different GIF1 and OsCIN1 expression patterns.''' '''(A)''' Levels of the GIF1 and OsCIN1 transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in different tissues. '''(B)''' Levels of the GIF1 and OsCIN1 transcripts during grain filling. Note that OsCIN1 was constitutively expressed in developing grains. The experiments were repeated twice with similar results, Ubi-1 was used as a loading control for RT-PCR. DAP, day after pollination; Cyc, PCR cycles.
 ==Labs working on this gene==

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 9 June 2014
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	'''Wild-type rice:''' The gif1 mutant also showed markedly more grain chalkiness as a result of abnormally developed and loosely packed starch granules [<ref name="ref2" />.The gif1 mutant also showed markedly more grain chalkiness as a result of abnormally developed and loosely packed starch granules.The reduced filling rate resulted in reduced weight of gif1 grains starting 3 d after pollination (DAP); the final grain weight of the gif1 mutant was B24% lower than that of wild type rice at 30 DAP<ref name="ref2" />.		'''Wild-type rice:''' The gif1 mutant also showed markedly more grain chalkiness as a result of abnormally developed and loosely packed starch granules [<ref name="ref2" />.The gif1 mutant also showed markedly more grain chalkiness as a result of abnormally developed and loosely packed starch granules.The reduced filling rate resulted in reduced weight of gif1 grains starting 3 d after pollination (DAP); the final grain weight of the gif1 mutant was B24% lower than that of wild type rice at 30 DAP<ref name="ref2" />.
		+	===Evolution===
		+	GIF1 was paralogues derived from a segmental duplication originated during genome duplication of grasses， was selected in the promoter region<ref name="ref1" />.

	===Expression===		===Expression===

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 *College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
-==References==
+== References ==
 ==Structured Information==

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 ===Knowledge Extension===
-. Grain filling is the process of increasing the weight of every grain of Rice. The grain filling is also the aim which proposed by human. ''Wang et al.'' made a research of history of this gene, and proved that its promoter region chose to clean in the process of domestication of rice just as the expectation of people[2]. More researches would concentrate this area which would be helpful in using this gene.
+. Grain filling is the process of increasing the weight of every grain of Rice. The grain filling is also the aim which proposed by human. ''Wang et al.'' made a research of history of this gene, and proved that its promoter region chose to clean in the process of domestication of rice just as the expectation of people<ref name="ref1" />. More researches would concentrate this area which would be helpful in using this gene.
 . There is found that ''GIF1'' and ''OsCIN1'' is a pair of duplication which experienced sub-functionalization implies that selection could act independently on each duplicate towards different functional specificity and provided a vivid example for evolution of genetic novelties in a model crop[1]. Differential biological functions of ''GIF1'' and ''OsCIN1'':
-'''''GIF1'':''' ''GIF1'' is mainly expressed in seed vascular tissues and controls sucrose unloading for starch synthesis at the early grain-filling stage[3]. Overexpression of the ''GIF1'' gene produced plants with marked defects both in grainfilling and development, indicating that over-activity of the ''GIF1'' enzyme disrupts sugar homeostasis, a process important to normal grain and plant development.
+'''''GIF1'':''' ''GIF1'' is mainly expressed in seed vascular tissues and controls sucrose unloading for starch synthesis at the early grain-filling stage<ref name="ref3" />. Overexpression of the ''GIF1'' gene produced plants with marked defects both in grainfilling and development, indicating that over-activity of the ''GIF1'' enzyme disrupts sugar homeostasis, a process important to normal grain and plant development.
-'''''OsCIN1'':''' ''OsCIN1'' has lower CWI activity compared to ''GIF1'' in the transgenic plants. Consistent with this, no obvious phenotype was observed in CIN1-OE plants except pre-harvest sprouting. Interestingly, ''OsCIN1'' might be involved in pathogen defense and stress response[4]. It has been reported that sugars interact with signaling pathways mediated by phytohormones such as GA and ABA during seed germination and seedling development[5][6], which are also involved in stress responses[1].（Figure 3）
+'''''OsCIN1'':''' ''OsCIN1'' has lower CWI activity compared to ''GIF1'' in the transgenic plants. Consistent with this, no obvious phenotype was observed in CIN1-OE plants except pre-harvest sprouting. Interestingly, ''OsCIN1'' might be involved in pathogen defense and stress response<ref name="ref4" />. It has been reported that sugars interact with signaling pathways mediated by phytohormones such as GA and ABA during seed germination and seedling development<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" />, which are also involved in stress responses<ref name="ref2" />.（Figure 3）
 [[File:yyy.jpg]]

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 '''Figure 2''' Expression pattern and localization of GIF1. '''(a,b)''' GUS activity in the growing root '''(a)''' and the node and elongating zone of the internode '''(b)'''.'''(c,d)''' GUS activity in developing grains was restricted to the ovular vascular trace (OV) end at 3 DAP (c) and 5 DAP (d). '''(e)''' GUS activity in the OV and lateral stylar vascular trace (SV) of grains at 10 DAP. '''(f)''' GUS activity in the OV at 20 DAP. '''(g)''' Cross-section of the grain at 10 DAP. '''(h)''' Boxed area in g observed under a microscope, showing GUS activity in the OV. NP, nucellar projection. '''(i)''' GIF1 transcript levels detected by RT-PCR. UBI1 was used as a loading control. The analysis was repeated twice with similar results. '''(j)''' GIF-GFP fusion protein localized to the cell wall in a transgenic rice root tip. Arrow indicates plasmolysis. Scale bars represent 3 mm (c–g) or 100 mm (h).
-. ''Wang et al.'' used microarray analysis to examine the regulation of genes involved in sugar metabolis and proposed that sucrose partitioning is altered by the gif1 mutation, leading to lower sucrose levels in the gif1 grain, as similarly reported for carrot [2].
+. ''Wang et al.'' used microarray analysis to examine the regulation of genes involved in sugar metabolis and proposed that sucrose partitioning is altered by the gif1 mutation, leading to lower sucrose levels in the gif1 grain, as similarly reported for carrot <ref name="ref2" />.
 .Real-time PCR quantitatively by ''Wang et al.''confirmed expression levels of the wild and cultivated alleles.Similarly elevated expression of wild rice ''GIF1'' was found in other tissues of the introgression lines (data not shown). These results strongly suggest that ''GIF1'' is a domestication gene and that the restricted expression pattern of the cultivated ''GIF1'' gene was caused by nucleotide changes in its promoter during rice domestication <ref name="ref1" />.

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 ===Expression===
-. ''Wang et al''. investigate the site of ''GIF1'' action using a pGIF1- β –glucuronidase (GUS) reporter transgene (pGIF1-GUS). GUS activity was mainly detected in growing roots, the node and the rapidly elongating zone of the internode, similar to its transcript accumulation. Particularly during early grain-filling, strong GUS activity was observed in the ovular vascular trace end of the grain at 3 and 5 DAP. It is proposed that propose that the restricted expression pattern of the GIF1 gene in the ovular vascular trace is the key to increased grain weight. Consistent with our interpretation, transgenic rice plants that ectopically expressed the cultivated ''GIF1'' gene from the rice ''Waxy'' promoter also had smaller grains [2](Figure 2).
+. ''Wang et al''. investigate the site of ''GIF1'' action using a pGIF1- β –glucuronidase (GUS) reporter transgene (pGIF1-GUS). GUS activity was mainly detected in growing roots, the node and the rapidly elongating zone of the internode, similar to its transcript accumulation. Particularly during early grain-filling, strong GUS activity was observed in the ovular vascular trace end of the grain at 3 and 5 DAP. It is proposed that propose that the restricted expression pattern of the GIF1 gene in the ovular vascular trace is the key to increased grain weight. Consistent with our interpretation, transgenic rice plants that ectopically expressed the cultivated ''GIF1'' gene from the rice ''Waxy'' promoter also had smaller grains <ref name="ref1" />(Figure 2).
-An extensive microarray survey of gene expression indicates that many genes encoding proteins involved in sugar and energy metabolism have higher expression levels in O. rufipogon than in cultivated rice. The restricted expression pattern of ''GIF1'' in the vascular bundle should facilitate sucrose unloading favoring grain-filling, whereas the wild rice ''GIF1'' allele might promote energy metabolism [2].
+An extensive microarray survey of gene expression indicates that many genes encoding proteins involved in sugar and energy metabolism have higher expression levels in O. rufipogon than in cultivated rice. The restricted expression pattern of ''GIF1'' in the vascular bundle should facilitate sucrose unloading favoring grain-filling, whereas the wild rice ''GIF1'' allele might promote energy metabolism <ref name="ref1" />.
 [[File:j.jpg]]
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 . ''Wang et al.'' used microarray analysis to examine the regulation of genes involved in sugar metabolis and proposed that sucrose partitioning is altered by the gif1 mutation, leading to lower sucrose levels in the gif1 grain, as similarly reported for carrot [2].
-.Real-time PCR quantitatively by ''Wang et al.''confirmed expression levels of the wild and cultivated alleles.Similarly elevated expression of wild rice ''GIF1'' was found in other tissues of the introgression lines (data not shown). These results strongly suggest that ''GIF1'' is a domestication gene and that the restricted expression pattern of the cultivated ''GIF1'' gene was caused by nucleotide changes in its promoter during rice domestication [2].
+.Real-time PCR quantitatively by ''Wang et al.''confirmed expression levels of the wild and cultivated alleles.Similarly elevated expression of wild rice ''GIF1'' was found in other tissues of the introgression lines (data not shown). These results strongly suggest that ''GIF1'' is a domestication gene and that the restricted expression pattern of the cultivated ''GIF1'' gene was caused by nucleotide changes in its promoter during rice domestication <ref name="ref1" />.
 . The mapping experiment made by ''Wang et al.'' revealed that the wild rice ''GIF1'' is most likely to be the gene that decreases grain weight in the introgression lines. The further analyzed the effect of cultivated alleles on grain-filling using three introgression lines in a recurrent Huajingxian 74 (indica) background with two japonica alleles and one indica allele with distinct origins (in total, two japonica alleles and two indica alleles). It could be proved that these introgression lines showed no difference in grain weight, suggesting that the cultivated rice alleles of indica and japonica have the same effect on grain-filling.