Os04g0578400 - Revision history

192.168.72.52: /* Structured Information */

2015-06-12T07:10:06Z

‎Structured Information

WangT: /* Knowledge Extension */

2014-05-30T04:07:54Z

‎Knowledge Extension

WangT: /* Expression */

2014-05-30T04:07:20Z

‎Expression

WangT: /* Knowledge Extension */

2014-05-30T04:05:43Z

‎Knowledge Extension

WangT: /* Knowledge Extension */

2014-05-30T04:05:03Z

‎Knowledge Extension

WangT: /* Mutation */

2014-05-30T03:58:46Z

‎Mutation

WangT: /* Mutation */

2014-05-30T03:58:09Z

‎Mutation

WangT: /* Mutation */

2014-05-30T03:57:30Z

‎Mutation

WangT: /* Evolution */

2014-05-30T03:51:48Z

‎Evolution

WangT: /* Evolution */

2014-05-30T03:51:01Z

‎Evolution

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 ==Structured Information==
 [[Category:Genes]]
 [[Category:Japonica mRNA]]

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 ===Knowledge Extension===
-*Cereals like rice (''Oryza sativa''), wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') and the millets, maize (''Zea mays''), ragi (''Eleucine coracana'') and sorghum Jowar (''Sorghum vulgare'') showed wide variation in their total carotenoid content, as well as β-carotene ( Table 1). The values of total carotenes ranged from zero (rice) to 1780 μg (maize) and similar variation was observed in the β-carotene content. In general, cereals were poor sources of β-carotene<ref name="ref9"/> [[File:Figure_7.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Table 1.'''Wide variation of total carotenoid content in cereals''(from reference <ref name="ref10"/>).'']].
+*Cereals like rice (''Oryza sativa''), wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') and the millets, maize (''Zea mays''), ragi (''Eleucine coracana'') and sorghum Jowar (''Sorghum vulgare'') showed wide variation in their total carotenoid content, as well as β-carotene ( Table 1). The values of total carotenes ranged from zero (rice) to 1780 μg (maize) and similar variation was observed in the β-carotene content. In general, cereals were poor sources of β-carotene<ref name="ref9"/> [[File:Figure_7.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Table 1.'''Wide variation of total carotenoid content in cereals''(from reference <ref name="ref10"/>).'']].
 ==Labs working on this gene==

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 *In most cases, the transformed endosperms were yellow, indicating carotenoid formation. The pB19hpcsingle transformants (Fig. 3A) showed a 3 :1 (colored/
-noncolored) segregation pattern,whereas the pZPsC/pZLcyH co-transformants (Fig. 3B)showed variable segregation. The pB19hpcsingle transformants, engineered to synthesize only lycopene (red), were similar in colorto the pZPsC/pZLcyH co-transformants engineered forb-carotene (yellow) synthesis<ref name="ref4"/>[[File:Figure_3.png|right|thumb|100px|'''Figure 3.''' ''Phenotypes of transgenic rice seeds.(from reference <ref name="ref4"/>).'']].
+noncolored) segregation pattern,whereas the pZPsC/pZLcyH co-transformants (Fig. 3B)showed variable segregation. The pB19hpcsingle transformants, engineered to synthesize only lycopene (red), were similar in colorto the pZPsC/pZLcyH co-transformants engineered forb-carotene (yellow) synthesis<ref name="ref4"/>[[File:Figure_3.png|right|thumb|100px|'''Figure 3.''' ''Phenotypes of transgenic rice seeds.(from reference <ref name="ref4"/>).'']][[File:Figure_4.png|right|thumb|100px|'''Figure 4.'''HPLC analysis of carotenoid and β-carotene. ''(from reference <ref name="ref4"/>).'']].
-*The carotenoids found in the pB19hpc single transformants accounted for the color; none of theselines accumulated detectable amounts of lycopene. Instead,b-carotene, and to some extent lutein and zeaxanthin, were formed (Fig. 4). Thus, the lycopenea(ε)- andb-cyclases and the hydroxylase are either constitutively expressed in normal rice endosperm or induced upon lycopene formation<ref name="ref4"/>[[File:Figure_4.png|right|thumb|100px|'''Figure 4.'''HPLC analysis of carotenoid and β-carotene. ''(from reference <ref name="ref4"/>).'']].
+*The carotenoids found in the pB19hpc single transformants accounted for the color; none of theselines accumulated detectable amounts of lycopene. Instead,b-carotene, and to some extent lutein and zeaxanthin, were formed (Fig. 4). Thus, the lycopenea(ε)- andb-cyclases and the hydroxylase are either constitutively expressed in normal rice endosperm or induced upon lycopene formation<ref name="ref4"/>.
 ===Evolution===

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 ===Knowledge Extension===
-*Cereals like rice (''Oryza sativa''), wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') and the millets, maize (''Zea mays''), ragi (''Eleucine coracana'') and sorghum Jowar (''Sorghum vulgare'') showed wide variation in their total carotenoid content, as well as β-carotene ( Table 1). The values of total carotenes ranged from zero (rice) to 1780 μg (maize) and similar variation was observed in the β-carotene content. In general, cereals were poor sources of β-carotene<ref name="ref9"/> [[File:Figure_7.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Table 1.'''Wide variation of total carotenoid content in cereals''(from reference <ref name="ref10"/>).'']].
+*Cereals like rice (''Oryza sativa''), wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') and the millets, maize (''Zea mays''), ragi (''Eleucine coracana'') and sorghum Jowar (''Sorghum vulgare'') showed wide variation in their total carotenoid content, as well as β-carotene ( Table 1). The values of total carotenes ranged from zero (rice) to 1780 μg (maize) and similar variation was observed in the β-carotene content. In general, cereals were poor sources of β-carotene<ref name="ref9"/> [[File:Figure_7.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Table 1.'''Wide variation of total carotenoid content in cereals''(from reference <ref name="ref10"/>).'']].
 ==Labs working on this gene==

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 ===Knowledge Extension===
-*Cereals like rice (''Oryza sativa''), wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') and the millets, maize (''Zea mays''), ragi (''Eleucine coracana'') and sorghum Jowar (''Sorghum vulgare'') showed wide variation in their total carotenoid content, as well as β-carotene ( Table 1). The values of total carotenes ranged from zero (rice) to 1780 μg (maize) and similar variation was observed in the β-carotene content. In general, cereals were poor sources of β-carotene<ref name="ref9"/>.
+*Cereals like rice (''Oryza sativa''), wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') and the millets, maize (''Zea mays''), ragi (''Eleucine coracana'') and sorghum Jowar (''Sorghum vulgare'') showed wide variation in their total carotenoid content, as well as β-carotene ( Table 1). The values of total carotenes ranged from zero (rice) to 1780 μg (maize) and similar variation was observed in the β-carotene content. In general, cereals were poor sources of β-carotene<ref name="ref9"/> [[File:Figure_7.png|left|thumb|200px|'''Table 1.'''Wide variation of total carotenoid content in cereals''(from reference <ref name="ref10"/>).'']].
 ==Labs working on this gene==

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 The rice Os04g0578400 encodes β-carotene exhibiting provitamin A activity and affecting the synthesis of carotenoid which is important for photosynthesis in plants.
 ==Annotated Information==
 ===Function===

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 ===Mutation===
-*Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) or vivipary in cereals is an important agronomic trait that results in significant economic loss. A considerable number of mutations that cause PHS have been identified in several species. Jun Fang et al.<ref name= "ref10"/>carried out an extensive genetic screening and identified 12 PHS mutants (''phs'') which were classified into three groups,one of these groups, which contains mutations in genes encoding major enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, including phytoene desaturase (OsPDS),ζ-carotene desaturase (OsZDS), carotenoid isomerase (OsCRTISO) and lycopene β-cyclase (β-OsLCY), which are essential for the biosynthesis of carotenoid precursors of ABA [[File:Figure_6.png|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 6.'''The sites of mutation and the expression of the pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) genes.''(from reference <ref name="ref9"/>).'']].
+*Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) or vivipary in cereals is an important agronomic trait that results in significant economic loss. A considerable number of mutations that cause PHS have been identified in several species. Jun Fang et al.<ref name= "ref10"/>carried out an extensive genetic screening and identified 12 PHS mutants (''phs'') which were classified into three groups,one of these groups, which contains mutations in genes encoding major enzymes of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, including phytoene desaturase (OsPDS),ζ-carotene desaturase (OsZDS), carotenoid isomerase (OsCRTISO) and lycopene β-cyclase (β-OsLCY), which are essential for the biosynthesis of carotenoid precursors of ABA [[File:Figure_6.png|right|thumb|200px|'''Figure 6.'''The sites of mutation and the expression of the pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) genes.''(from reference <ref name="ref9"/>).'']].
 ** To examine these candidate genes( including a PDS-like gene (''phs1''), a ZDS-like gene (''phs2-1 and phs2-2''), a carotenoid isomerase-like gene (''phs3-1'') and a β-LCY-like gene (''phs4-1 and phs4-2'') carried mutations in the respective mutants. The results show that a Tos17 was inserted in intron 4 of the putative OsPDS in ''phs1''(Figure 6a). No OsPDS expression was detected by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis in phs1(Figure 6b). The ''phs2-1'' carried a Tos17 insertion in exon 3 of OsZDS, whereas ''phs2-2'' had a 1.7-kb deletion started from intron 3 spanned to exon 7 (Figure 6c). No OsZDS expression was detectable in either mutant allele (Figure 6d).
 **In ''phs3-1'', a G-to-C transition was identified at position 1995 (the putative translation start codon is referred to as +1) of theOsCRTISOgene, which is predicted to be the donor site of intron 6 (Figure 6e). A Tos17 retrotransposon inserted in exon 7 of phs3-2 completely disrupts the function of CRTISO(Figure 6f).

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 ===Evolution===
-*Conservation of amino-acid sequences as well as their similar mechanisms of catalyses(one of the three enzymes which is necessary to β-carotene's synthesis) suggest that all plant cyclases, including CCS and perhaps also neoxanthin synthase, have evolved from a common ancestor, most probably the cyanobacterial ''CrtL'' (figure 5)<ref name="ref8"/>[[File:Figure_5.png|left|thumb|300px|'''Figure 5.'''The lycopene cyclase family in plants ''(from reference <ref name="ref8"/>).'']].
+*Conservation of amino-acid sequences as well as their similar mechanisms of catalyses(one of the three enzymes which is necessary to β-carotene's synthesis) suggest that all plant cyclases, including CCS and perhaps also neoxanthin synthase, have evolved from a common ancestor, most probably the cyanobacterial ''CrtL'' (figure 5)<ref name="ref8"/>[[File:Figure_5.png|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 5.'''The lycopene cyclase family in plants ''(from reference <ref name="ref8"/>).'']].
 ===Mutation===