Os05g0482400 - Revision history

192.168.72.52: /* Structured Information */

2015-06-12T07:40:26Z

‎Structured Information

Heluyun at 05:15, 12 June 2014

2014-06-12T05:15:29Z

Heluyun at 05:11, 12 June 2014

2014-06-12T05:11:04Z

Heluyun at 05:08, 12 June 2014

2014-06-12T05:08:50Z

Heluyun at 05:05, 12 June 2014

2014-06-12T05:05:15Z

Heluyun at 05:00, 12 June 2014

2014-06-12T05:00:39Z

Heluyun at 04:40, 12 June 2014

2014-06-12T04:40:21Z

Heluyun at 16:26, 11 June 2014

2014-06-11T16:26:09Z

Heluyun at 16:20, 11 June 2014

2014-06-11T16:20:45Z

Heluyun at 16:16, 11 June 2014

2014-06-11T16:16:19Z

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 ==Structured Information==
 [[Category:Genes]]
 [[Category:Japonica mRNA]]

@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 ===Fine mapping===
-[[File:EUI-fig6.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref4" />).'']]
+[[File:EUI-fig6.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Fine mapping and molecular identification of EUI1(from reference <ref name="ref4" />).'']]
 The rice eui1 gene was mapped to two overlapping BAC clones, OSJNBa0095J22 and OSJNBb0099O15, between the markers AC40 and AC46, that were 0.64 cM apart and spanned approximately 152 kb<ref name="ref4" />.
 ===Clone===
-[[File:EUI-fig5.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref4" />).'']]
+[[File:EUI-fig5.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Allelic sequencing of EUI1 candidate gene(from reference <ref name="ref4" />).'']]
 The EUI1 gene controlling the upper internode elongation in rice is 9804 bp long, and comprises two exons and one intron. The length of the cDNA is 1931 bp containing a 1734 bp ORF, a 110 bp 5¢-UTR and a 87 bp 3¢-UTR. The ORF encodes an unknown 577 amino acid functional protein,that appears to be a member of the cytochrome P450 family<ref name="ref4" />.
@@ Line 146: / Line 146: @@
 <ref name="ref35"> Lester, D.R., Ross, J.J., Smith, J.J., Elliott, R.C., and Reid, J.B.(1999). Gibberellin 2-oxidation and the SLN gene of Pisum sativum.
 Plant J. 19, 65–73.</ref>
-<ref name="ref36"> .</ref>

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 The EUI1 gene is constitutively expressed at a low level in all tested organs, except that it is preferentially expressed in the young panicles during heading. In eui1 mutant plants, the most excessive elongation occurred in the first (uppermost) and second internodes, and therefore it was unexpected that the expression of the EUI1 gene in the first and second elongating internodes was relatively low. It is possible that the substrate of EUI1, which controls internode elongation, could exist mainly in the young panicles and might be transported to the action site, the first and the second internodes<ref name="ref3" />.
-[[File:EUI-fig9.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
+[[File:EUI-fig9.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Developmental regulation of Eui expression(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
-Eui express mainly in elongating or dividing tissues, including the shoot apical meristem, the divisional (intercalary meristem) and elongating zones of internodes, nodes of an elongating stem, and panicle (Figures 9B to 9I and 9L) but not in young seedlings roots, and the flag leaf. Before heading,the Eui express mainly in the divisional and node areas of internodes and young panicles. During the heading stage, the Eui mainly express in the flowering spikelets, the divisional zone,and the node of the uppermost internode<ref name="ref13" />).
+Eui express mainly in elongating or dividing tissues, including the shoot apical meristem, the divisional (intercalary meristem) and elongating zones of internodes, nodes of an elongating stem, and panicle but not in young seedlings roots, and the flag leaf. Before heading,the Eui express mainly in the divisional and node areas of internodes and young panicles. During the heading stage, the Eui mainly express in the flowering spikelets, the divisional zone,and the node of the uppermost internode<ref name="ref13" />).
 ===Evolution===

@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 Luo ''et al''.<ref name="ref3" /> found that EUI1 is expressed in most tested tissues and organs, including the young leaves, young roots, shoot apical meristem, the first and the second elongating internodes, flag leaf and young panicles. EUI1 is expressed at a relatively low level in the first elongating internodes, and the highest expression level was found in the young panicles during heading.
-[[File:EUI-fig3.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]
+[[File:EUI-fig3.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Expression patterns of EUI1 in rice(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]
 The EUI1 gene is constitutively expressed at a low level in all tested organs, except that it is preferentially expressed in the young panicles during heading. In eui1 mutant plants, the most excessive elongation occurred in the first (uppermost) and second internodes, and therefore it was unexpected that the expression of the EUI1 gene in the first and second elongating internodes was relatively low. It is possible that the substrate of EUI1, which controls internode elongation, could exist mainly in the young panicles and might be transported to the action site, the first and the second internodes<ref name="ref3" />.

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 The gibberellin-deficient-like phenotypes in the EUI1 overexpressors can be restored more or less by exogenous gibberellin application, and that the SLR1 protein in the EUI1 overexpressors is accumulated to a high level in comparison with the wild type. It has been shown that the SLR1 protein is triggered to undergo rapid degradation by GA3 treatment<ref name="ref12" />. After application of exogenous gibberellin, the SLR1 protein can still be detected at a high level, even after 48 h or 2 weeks treatment, which strongly suggested that EUI1 is a fine tuner for modulating gibberellin biosynthesis and/or modifying the stability of SLR1[[File:EUI-fig4.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Overexpression of EUI1 caused accumulation of SLR1 protein,and delayed the gibberellin-mediated SLR1 protein destruction.(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]. Taking all the data together, it is reasonable to postulate that EUI1, the putative P450 monooxygenase, may work as an enzyme for gibberellins inactivation in gibberellin metabolism<ref name="ref3" />.
-[[File:EUI-fig7.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
+[[File:EUI-fig7.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Phenotypic characterization of the eui mutant(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
-During the seedling and tillering stages, eui plants were morphologically similar to wild-type plants<ref name="ref8" />.However, at the heading stage, the eui mutant exhibited an extremely elongated uppermost internode, with slightly elongated second and third internodes and panicle. Because of the enhanced internode elongation, the stem exposed between the ear and the flag leaf sheath (panicle exsertion) is much longer in the eui mutant than in wild-type plants . The enhanced internode elongation of the eui mutant was due to longitudinally increased cell lengths but not to an increase in the number of cells (Figure . These observations suggested that the uppermost internode of the eui mutant might accumulate an excessive amount of biologically active GAs or exhibit an enhanced GA sensitivity<ref name="ref13" />.
+During the seedling and tillering stages, eui plants were morphologically similar to wild-type plants<ref name="ref8" />.However, at the heading stage, the eui mutant exhibited an extremely elongated uppermost internode, with slightly elongated second and third internodes and panicle. Because of the enhanced internode elongation, the stem exposed between the ear and the flag leaf sheath (panicle exsertion) is much longer in the eui mutant than in wild-type plants . The enhanced internode elongation of the eui mutant was due to longitudinally increased cell lengths but not to an increase in the number of cells. These observations suggested that the uppermost internode of the eui mutant might accumulate an excessive amount of biologically active GAs or exhibit an enhanced GA sensitivity<ref name="ref13" />.
-[[File:EUI-fig8.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
+[[File:EUI-fig8.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Overexpression of Eui causes severe dwarfism(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
 EUI catalyzed 16a,17-epoxidation of non-13-hydroxylated GAs. Consistent with the tall and dwarfed phenotypes of the eui mutant and Eui-overexpressing transgenic plants, respectively, 16a,17-epoxidation reduced the biological activity of GA4 in rice, demonstrating that EUI functions as a GA deactivating enzyme<ref name="ref13" />.

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 Rice internodes are important organs that affect plant height, yield, lodging resistance, and panicle exsertion, and also constitute a unique system for the study of gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. A spontaneous recessive tall mutant in rice called eui, which shows notably rapid elongation of the uppermost internode at the heading stage, was picked up in a japonica variety of rice some years ago <ref name="ref1" />. The mutant (zeui stock) is characterized by a near-doubling in the length of the uppermost internode, extreme panicle exsertion, and an increase in panicle length, with little or no effect on other internodes or plant characters. This recessive genotype with the elongated uppermost internode is a very useful trait in hybrid rice seed production, and was referred to as the fourth genetic element of hybrid rice, in addition to the traits male sterility, maintainer and restorer <ref name="ref1" />. Panicle enclosure, a phenotype which is typical of almost all male-sterile (MS) lines <ref name="ref5" /> <ref name="ref6" /> <ref name="ref7" />, greatly reduces seed production by hybrid rice, necessitating the use of large amounts of exogenous GA to cause panicle exsertion. However, GA application not only increases the cost of seed production, but also greatly increases the rate of seed germination on the panicle, resulting in decreased quality and shortened storage life of hybrid seeds. In contrast, eui MS plants need little or no exogenous GA application for hybrid seed production<ref name="ref6" /> <ref name="ref8" />. Therefore, the eui mutant represents a breakthrough in hybrid rice production<ref name="ref9" />.Previous genetic and physiological studies have shown that the eui phenotype is due to a recessive mutation in a single gene, which functions similarly in both japonica and indica subspecies and confers highest sensitivity to exogenously applied GA3 at the seedling and heading stages among the genotypes studied, although the level of GAs in eui plants is already higher than that in wild-type plants <ref name="ref9" /><ref name="ref10" /><ref name="ref11" />. These results strongly suggested that the Eui gene is likely to be involved in GA metabolism or signaling.
-The eui1 mutants have increased cell elongation, higher levels of endogenous active gibberellin, and also a higher sensitivity to exogenously applied GA3[[File:EUI-fig1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']].Expression of genes involved in gibberellin biosynthesis, such as gibberellin-20-oxidase and gibberellin-3-oxidase, was elevated in the uppermost internodes of eui1 mutants in comparison with that of the wild type . In contrast, transgenic rice plants overexpressing EUI1 exhibit typical gibberellin-deficient-like phenotypes, such as dark green leaves and dwarf architecture, which can be partially rescued by exogenous gibberellins applications. Consistent with these observations, overexpression of EUI1 causes increased expression of several gibberellin biosynthesis genes encoding gibberellin-20-oxidase2, gibberellin-20-oxidase3 and gibberellin-3-oxidase2 (D18 gene), that are responsible for the conversion of active gibberellin, but decreased expression of the genes encoding gibberellin-2-oxidase1 and gibberellin-2-oxidase3, that are involved in gibberellin deactivation<ref name="ref3" />.
+The eui1 mutants have increased cell elongation, higher levels of endogenous active gibberellin, and also a higher sensitivity to exogenously applied GA3[[File:EUI-fig1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''The characteristics of eui1-2 mutants.(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']].Expression of genes involved in gibberellin biosynthesis, such as gibberellin-20-oxidase and gibberellin-3-oxidase, was elevated in the uppermost internodes of eui1 mutants in comparison with that of the wild type . In contrast, transgenic rice plants overexpressing EUI1 exhibit typical gibberellin-deficient-like phenotypes, such as dark green leaves and dwarf architecture, which can be partially rescued by exogenous gibberellins applications. Consistent with these observations, overexpression of EUI1 causes increased expression of several gibberellin biosynthesis genes encoding gibberellin-20-oxidase2, gibberellin-20-oxidase3 and gibberellin-3-oxidase2 (D18 gene), that are responsible for the conversion of active gibberellin, but decreased expression of the genes encoding gibberellin-2-oxidase1 and gibberellin-2-oxidase3, that are involved in gibberellin deactivation<ref name="ref3" />.
-In the EUI1-RNAi transgenic plants, the reduction of EUI1 expression led to increased lengths of panicle exsertion and uppermost internode elongation, but not comparable with that in EUI1-null mutants[[File:EUI-fig2.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]. The increased lengths of panicle exsertion and uppermost internode elongation in five allelic eui1 mutants varied significantly[[File:EUI-table1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]. Taking these data together, EUI1 plays a negative role in controlling the elongation of rice internodes during heading, and this negative regulation should be correlated with the EUI1 level or activity<ref name="ref3" />.
+In the EUI1-RNAi transgenic plants, the reduction of EUI1 expression led to increased lengths of panicle exsertion and uppermost internode elongation, but not comparable with that in EUI1-null mutants[[File:EUI-fig2.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Phenotypes of the high and reduced expression of the EUI1 gene in transgenic rice.(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]. The increased lengths of panicle exsertion and uppermost internode elongation in five allelic eui1 mutants varied significantly[[File:EUI-table1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''The culm lengths, panicle exsertion and internode lengths of eui1 alleles and their original cultivars(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]. Taking these data together, EUI1 plays a negative role in controlling the elongation of rice internodes during heading, and this negative regulation should be correlated with the EUI1 level or activity<ref name="ref3" />.
-The gibberellin-deficient-like phenotypes in the EUI1 overexpressors can be restored more or less by exogenous gibberellin application, and that the SLR1 protein in the EUI1 overexpressors is accumulated to a high level in comparison with the wild type. It has been shown that the SLR1 protein is triggered to undergo rapid degradation by GA3 treatment<ref name="ref12" />. After application of exogenous gibberellin, the SLR1 protein can still be detected at a high level, even after 48 h or 2 weeks treatment, which strongly suggested that EUI1 is a fine tuner for modulating gibberellin biosynthesis and/or modifying the stability of SLR1[[File:EUI-fig4.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]. Taking all the data together, it is reasonable to postulate that EUI1, the putative P450 monooxygenase, may work as an enzyme for gibberellins inactivation in gibberellin metabolism<ref name="ref3" />.
+The gibberellin-deficient-like phenotypes in the EUI1 overexpressors can be restored more or less by exogenous gibberellin application, and that the SLR1 protein in the EUI1 overexpressors is accumulated to a high level in comparison with the wild type. It has been shown that the SLR1 protein is triggered to undergo rapid degradation by GA3 treatment<ref name="ref12" />. After application of exogenous gibberellin, the SLR1 protein can still be detected at a high level, even after 48 h or 2 weeks treatment, which strongly suggested that EUI1 is a fine tuner for modulating gibberellin biosynthesis and/or modifying the stability of SLR1[[File:EUI-fig4.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Overexpression of EUI1 caused accumulation of SLR1 protein,and delayed the gibberellin-mediated SLR1 protein destruction.(from reference <ref name="ref3" />).'']]. Taking all the data together, it is reasonable to postulate that EUI1, the putative P450 monooxygenase, may work as an enzyme for gibberellins inactivation in gibberellin metabolism<ref name="ref3" />.
 [[File:EUI-fig7.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]

@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 === Knowledge Extension ===
 [[File:HELUYUN1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''The major GA biosynthesis and catabolism pathways in plants(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
 ==Labs working on this gene==
@@ Line 117: / Line 123: @@
 <ref name="ref18">Dong-Lei Yang;Qun Li;Yi-Wen Deng;Yong-Gen Lou;Mu-Yang Wang;Guo-Xing Zhou;Ying-Ying Zhang;Zu-Hua He.(2008) Altered Disease Development in the eui Mutants and Eui Overexpressors Indicates that Gibberellins Negatively Regulate Rice Basal Disease Resistance.Molecular Plant 1(3):528-537.</ref>
 <ref name="ref19">Qi, M., and Yang, Y. (2002). Quantification of Magnaporthe grisea during infection of rice plants using real-time polymerase chain reaction and northern blot/phosphoimaging analyses. Phytopathology 92, 870–876.</ref>
-<ref name="ref"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref20">Hedden, P., and Phillips, A.L. (2000). Gibberellin metabolism: New insights revealed by the genes. Trends Plant Sci. 5, 523–530.</ref>
-<ref name="ref"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref21">Olszewski,N., Sun,T.-P., and Gubler, F.(2002).Gibberellin signaling:Biosynthesis, catabolism, and response pathways. Plant Cell 14(suppl.), S61–S80.</ref>
-<ref name="ref"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref22">Sun, T.-P., and Gubler, F. (2004). Molecular mechanism of gibberellin signaling in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55, 197–223.</ref>
-<ref name="ref6"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref23">Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Fujisawa, Y., Kobayashi, M., Ashikari, M.,Iwasaki, Y., Kitano, H., and Matsuoka, M. (2000). Rice dwarf mutant d1, which is defective in the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein, affects gibberellin signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 97, 11638–11643.</ref>
-<ref name="ref6"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref24">Ikeda, A., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Sonoda, Y., Kitano, H., Koshioka, M.,Futsuhara, Y., Matsuoka, M., and Yamaguchi, J. (2001). slender rice, a constitutive gibberellin response mutant, is caused by a null mutation of the SLR1 gene, an ortholog of the height-regulating gene GAI/RGA/RHT/D8. Plant Cell 13, 999–1010.</ref>
-<ref name="ref6"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref25">Sasaki, A., Itoh, H., Gomi, K., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Ishiyama,K., Kobayashi, M., Jeong, D.H., An, G., Kitano, H., Ashikari, M.,and Matsuoka, M. (2003). Accumulation of phosphorylated repressor for gibberellin signaling in an F-box mutant. Science 299,1896–1898.</ref>
-<ref name="ref6"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref26">Sakamoto, T., et al. (2004). An overview of gibberellin metabolism enzyme genes and their related mutants in rice. Plant Physiol.134,1642–1653.</ref>
-<ref name="ref6"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref27">Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Ashikari, M., Nakajima, M., Itoh, H., Katoh, E.,Kobayashi, M., Chow, T.Y., Hsing, Y.I., Kitano, H., Yamaguchi, I.,
-<ref name="ref6"> .</ref>
+and Matsuoka, M. (2005). GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellin. Nature 437, 693–698.</ref>
-<ref name="ref6"> .</ref>
+<ref name="ref28">Peng, J., et al. (1999). ‘Green revolution’ genes encode mutant gibberellin response modulators. Nature 400, 256–261.</ref>

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 These dwarf Eui-OX lines exhibited significantly increased disease resistance as compared with the wild-type and the separated negative transgenic plants. Dwarf severity was somehow correlated with resistance degree, since lines OX-21, OX-22, OX-39, and OX-47 were more dwarf and appeared more resistant than OX-7, OX-11, and OX-15. In consistency with disease symptom, a three- to five-fold reduction in bacterial growth was measured in OX-39 compared with the wild-type at 8–14 dpi. These results further support the notion that EUI positively regulates disease resistance against bacterial blight<ref name="ref18" />.
-[[File:6-3.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Silence of Eui leads to reduction of resistance and overexpression of Eui enhances resistance to rice blast Fungus(from reference <ref name="ref18" />).'']]
+[[File:6-3.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''Overexpression of Eui enhances resistance to rice blast Fungus(from reference <ref name="ref18" />).'']]
 The RNAi lines S73 and S74 exhibited slightly severer symptoms than the wild-type. For grade 5 disease index(the most susceptible symptom), S73 and S74 displayed 20 and 19%, respectively, in comparison with 9% in the wild-type. Similar reduction of blast resistance was also observed in the eui-1 mutant. In contrast, the overexpression lines OX-7, OX-11, OX-21, and OX-39 exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to the fungus, with 70–83% of grade 0 and 1,in comparison with 18% in the wild-type, while the percentages for grades 4 and 5 were greatly decreased in these lines. The further determination of fungal growth in the host using Southern hybridization with the fungal 28S rDNA probe<ref name="ref19" /> confirmed that fungal growth was greatly limited in the Eui overexpressors, and slightly increased in the RNAi lines compared with the wild-type. These data demonstrated that Eui also positively regulates resistance to rice blast<ref name="ref18" />.
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 === Knowledge Extension ===
-[[File:5k .jpg|right|thumb|150px|''The major GA biosynthesis and catabolism pathways in plants(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
+[[File:HELUYUN1.jpg|right|thumb|150px|''The major GA biosynthesis and catabolism pathways in plants(from reference <ref name="ref13" />).'']]
 ==Labs working on this gene==