Os10g0478000 - Revision history

Rice2012: /* References */

2015-06-13T08:47:50Z

‎References

Lmw2015: /* Structured Information */

2015-06-12T04:02:07Z

‎Structured Information

Chenyaping at 01:24, 31 May 2014

2014-05-31T01:24:34Z

Zhangzhang at 12:34, 30 May 2014

2014-05-30T12:34:33Z

Zhangzhang: Reverted edits by 124.64.76.134 (talk) to last revision by Chenyaping

2014-05-30T12:33:42Z

Reverted edits by 124.64.76.134 (talk) to last revision by Chenyaping

124.64.76.134 at 12:30, 30 May 2014

2014-05-30T12:30:40Z

Chenyaping at 12:09, 30 May 2014

2014-05-30T12:09:29Z

Chenyaping: /* Function */

2014-05-30T04:59:59Z

‎Function

Chenyaping: /* Annotated Information */

2014-05-30T04:55:04Z

‎Annotated Information

Chenyaping at 04:46, 30 May 2014

2014-05-30T04:46:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 13 June 2015
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	[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 10]]		[[Category:Japonica Chromosome 10]]
	[[Category:Chromosome 10]]		[[Category:Chromosome 10]]
		+	== Structured Information ==

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 </references>
 [[Category:Genes]]
 [[Category:Japonica mRNA]]

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 ==Annotated Information==
 ===Function===
-[[File:YoshidaF1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Fig 1. Characterization of ''taw1'' dominant mutants <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Fig 2. Isolation of the ''TAW1'' gene <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF3.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Fig 3. Expression pattern of ''TAW1'' <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF4.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Fig 4. ''SVP'' subfamily MADS-box genes work downstream of ''TAW1'' <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF5.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Fig 5. Phenotype of ''taw1-D2''–introgressed Koshihikari BC5F2 plants <ref name="ref1" />.]]
+[[File:YoshidaF1.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Fig 1. Characterization of ''taw1'' dominant mutants <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF2.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Fig 2. Isolation of the ''TAW1'' gene <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF3.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Fig 3. Expression pattern of ''TAW1'' <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF4.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Fig 4. ''SVP'' subfamily MADS-box genes work downstream of ''TAW1'' <ref name="ref1" />.]]  [[File:YoshidaF5.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Fig 5. Phenotype of ''taw1-D2''–introgressed Koshihikari BC5F2 plants <ref name="ref1" />.]]
 In the dominant gain-of-function mutant ''tawawa1-D'' (Fig. 1), the activity of the inflorescence meristem (IM) is extended and spikelet specification is delayed, resulting in prolonged branch formation and increased numbers of spikelets. In contrast, reductions in ''TAWAWA1'' (''TAW1'') activity cause precocious IM abortion and spikelet formation, resulting in the generation of small inflorescences. ''TAW1'' encodes a nuclear protein of unknown function and shows high levels of expression in the shoot apical meristem, the IM, and the branch meristem (BMs). ''TAW1'' expression disappears from incipient spikelet meristems (SMs). It is demonstrated that members of the ''SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE'' subfamily of MADS-box genes function downstream of ''TAW1''. Thus, ''TAW1'' is proposed as a unique regulator of meristem activity in rice and regulates inflorescence development through the promotion of IM activity and suppression of the phase change to SM identity <ref name="ref1" />.

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 <references>
 <ref name="ref1">Yoshida A, Sasao M, Yasuno N, et al. (2013) ''TAWAWA1'', a regulator of rice inflorescence architecture, functions through the suppression of meristem phase transition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 767-772.</ref>
 ==Structured Information==

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 In the dominant gain-of-function mutant ''tawawa1-D'' (Fig. 1), the activity of the inflorescence meristem (IM) is extended and spikelet specification is delayed, resulting in prolonged branch formation and increased numbers of spikelets. In contrast, reductions in ''TAWAWA1'' (''TAW1'') activity cause precocious IM abortion and spikelet formation, resulting in the generation of small inflorescences. ''TAW1'' encodes a nuclear protein of unknown function and shows high levels of expression in the shoot apical meristem, the IM, and the branch meristem (BMs). ''TAW1'' expression disappears from incipient spikelet meristems (SMs). It is demonstrated that members of the ''SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE'' subfamily of MADS-box genes function downstream of ''TAW1''. Thus, ''TAW1'' is proposed as a unique regulator of meristem activity in rice and regulates inflorescence development through the promotion of IM activity and suppression of the phase change to SM identity <ref name="ref1" />.
-To understand the molecular links between the control of meristem phase transition and inflorescence structure, mutants were identified with altered inflorescence branching patterns <ref name="ref1" />. Two lines with increased branching phenotypes were isolated from a screening population in which nDart1, an endogenous rice transposon, actively transposes (Fig. 1C). The mutation was inherited in a semidominant manner in both lines, and subsequent analyses revealed mutations in the same gene. The gene was named ''TAWAWA1'' (''TAW1''), from a traditional Japanese word meaning “very fruitful.” ''taw1-D1'' exhibits more severe defects than those of ''taw1-D2''. Both mutant lines show normal growth patterns during the vegetative phase看看, for example, meristem size, date of leaf initiation, and number of leaves produced. However, in ''taw1-D1'' homozygous plants, stem elongation is suppressed after the transition to reproductive growth, and the inflorescence does not emerge from the leaves. In both mutant lines, the number of lateral meristems produced on each primary branch is comparable to that of wild-type plants; however, a higher percentage of lateral meristems grows as secondary branches (Fig. 1D). Reiteration of this pattern results in the production of tertiary branches, which are not formed on wild-type plants (Fig. 1E).
+To understand the molecular links between the control of meristem phase transition and inflorescence structure, mutants were identified with altered inflorescence branching patterns <ref name="ref1" />. Two lines with increased branching phenotypes were isolated from a screening population in which nDart1, an endogenous rice transposon, actively transposes (Fig. 1C). The mutation was inherited in a semidominant manner in both lines, and subsequent analyses revealed mutations in the same gene. The gene was named ''TAWAWA1'' (''TAW1''), from a traditional Japanese word meaning “very fruitful.” ''taw1-D1'' exhibits more severe defects than those of ''taw1-D2''. Both mutant lines show normal growth patterns during the vegetative phase, for example, meristem size, date of leaf initiation, and number of leaves produced. However, in ''taw1-D1'' homozygous plants, stem elongation is suppressed after the transition to reproductive growth, and the inflorescence does not emerge from the leaves. In both mutant lines, the number of lateral meristems produced on each primary branch is comparable to that of wild-type plants; however, a higher percentage of lateral meristems grows as secondary branches (Fig. 1D). Reiteration of this pattern results in the production of tertiary branches, which are not formed on wild-type plants (Fig. 1E).
 In homozygous ''taw1-D1'' mutants (carrying the more severe allele), the increase in inflorescence branching is so extreme that the inflorescence forms an agglomerate with a massive number of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. 1 F and G). Such aggregated meristems are also frequently observed in the inflorescences of ''taw1-D1'' heterozygous and ''taw1-D2'' homozygous plants (Fig. 1 H and I). Observations using a scanning electron microscope confirmed that these structures are formed from the repeated production of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. S2). The meristems in ''taw1-D1'' homozygous inflorescences were analyzed for expression of two SM marker genes, ''FRIZZY PANICLE'' (''FZP'') and ''LEAFY HULL STERILE1'' (''LHS1'')/''OsMADS1'', by in situ hybridization. The lack of expression of these genes indicated that the meristems in the homozygous mutants do not acquire SM identity (Fig. 1 J–M).

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:59, 30 May 2014
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	In homozygous ''taw1-D1'' mutants (carrying the more severe allele), the increase in inflorescence branching is so extreme that the inflorescence forms an agglomerate with a massive number of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. 1 F and G). Such aggregated meristems are also frequently observed in the inflorescences of ''taw1-D1'' heterozygous and ''taw1-D2'' homozygous plants (Fig. 1 H and I). Observations using a scanning electron microscope confirmed that these structures are formed from the repeated production of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. S2). The meristems in ''taw1-D1'' homozygous inflorescences were analyzed for expression of two SM marker genes, ''FRIZZY PANICLE'' (''FZP'') and ''LEAFY HULL STERILE1'' (''LHS1'')/''OsMADS1'', by in situ hybridization. The lack of expression of these genes indicated that the meristems in the homozygous mutants do not acquire SM identity (Fig. 1 J–M).		In homozygous ''taw1-D1'' mutants (carrying the more severe allele), the increase in inflorescence branching is so extreme that the inflorescence forms an agglomerate with a massive number of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. 1 F and G). Such aggregated meristems are also frequently observed in the inflorescences of ''taw1-D1'' heterozygous and ''taw1-D2'' homozygous plants (Fig. 1 H and I). Observations using a scanning electron microscope confirmed that these structures are formed from the repeated production of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. S2). The meristems in ''taw1-D1'' homozygous inflorescences were analyzed for expression of two SM marker genes, ''FRIZZY PANICLE'' (''FZP'') and ''LEAFY HULL STERILE1'' (''LHS1'')/''OsMADS1'', by in situ hybridization. The lack of expression of these genes indicated that the meristems in the homozygous mutants do not acquire SM identity (Fig. 1 J–M).
		+
		+	Grain number per panicle is one of the four major determinants of rice yield. To test the usefulness of ''TAW1'' mutations for increasing grain yield, the moderate ''taw1-D2'' allele was introgressed into Koshihikari, which is a leading commercial rice cultivar in Japan (Fig. 5 A and B). Field-grown selfed progeny of fifth backcross (BC5F2)-generation plants showed ∼45% increases in grain weight per plant (Fig. 5C). These increases were mainly due to extensive increases in grain number per panicle (Fig. 5D), resulting from increases in the numbers of primary, secondary, and tertiary branches. Slight decreases in fertility and grain weight were also observed (Fig. 5E). Despite the increase in panicle size, the total plant height was slightly reduced in BC5F2 plants. Increases in grain number are often linked to decreases in the numbers of branch shoots, called “tillers,” in rice. However, this tradeoff effect was not observed in the ''taw1-D2'' introgression line.

	===Expression===		===Expression===

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:55, 30 May 2014
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	In the dominant gain-of-function mutant ''tawawa1-D''(Fig. 1), the activity of the inflorescence meristem (IM) is extended and spikelet specification is delayed, resulting in prolonged branch formation and increased numbers of spikelets. In contrast, reductions in ''TAWAWA1'' (''TAW1'') activity cause precocious IM abortion and spikelet formation, resulting in the generation of small inflorescences. ''TAW1'' encodes a nuclear protein of unknown function and shows high levels of expression in the shoot apical meristem, the IM, and the branch meristem (BMs). ''TAW1'' expression disappears from incipient spikelet meristems (SMs). It is demonstrated that members of the ''SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE'' subfamily of MADS-box genes function downstream of ''TAW1''. Thus, ''TAW1'' is proposed as a unique regulator of meristem activity in rice and regulates inflorescence development through the promotion of IM activity and suppression of the phase change to SM identity <ref name="ref1" />.		In the dominant gain-of-function mutant ''tawawa1-D''(Fig. 1), the activity of the inflorescence meristem (IM) is extended and spikelet specification is delayed, resulting in prolonged branch formation and increased numbers of spikelets. In contrast, reductions in ''TAWAWA1'' (''TAW1'') activity cause precocious IM abortion and spikelet formation, resulting in the generation of small inflorescences. ''TAW1'' encodes a nuclear protein of unknown function and shows high levels of expression in the shoot apical meristem, the IM, and the branch meristem (BMs). ''TAW1'' expression disappears from incipient spikelet meristems (SMs). It is demonstrated that members of the ''SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE'' subfamily of MADS-box genes function downstream of ''TAW1''. Thus, ''TAW1'' is proposed as a unique regulator of meristem activity in rice and regulates inflorescence development through the promotion of IM activity and suppression of the phase change to SM identity <ref name="ref1" />.
		+
		+	To understand the molecular links between the control of meristem phase transition and inflorescence structure, mutants were identified with altered inflorescence branching patterns <ref name="ref1" />. Two lines with increased branching phenotypes were isolated from a screening population in which nDart1, an endogenous rice transposon, actively transposes (Fig. 1C). The mutation was inherited in a semidominant manner in both lines, and subsequent analyses revealed mutations in the same gene. The gene was named ''TAWAWA1'' (''TAW1''), from a traditional Japanese word meaning “very fruitful.” ''taw1-D1'' exhibits more severe defects than those of ''taw1-D2''. Both mutant lines show normal growth patterns during the vegetative phase, for example, meristem size, date of leaf initiation, and number of leaves produced. However, in ''taw1-D1'' homozygous plants, stem elongation is suppressed after the transition to reproductive growth, and the inflorescence does not emerge from the leaves. In both mutant lines, the number of lateral meristems produced on each primary branch is comparable to that of wild-type plants; however, a higher percentage of lateral meristems grows as secondary branches (Fig. 1D). Reiteration of this pattern results in the production of tertiary branches, which are not formed on wild-type plants (Fig. 1E).
		+
		+	In homozygous ''taw1-D1'' mutants (carrying the more severe allele), the increase in inflorescence branching is so extreme that the inflorescence forms an agglomerate with a massive number of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. 1 F and G). Such aggregated meristems are also frequently observed in the inflorescences of ''taw1-D1'' heterozygous and ''taw1-D2'' homozygous plants (Fig. 1 H and I). Observations using a scanning electron microscope confirmed that these structures are formed from the repeated production of undifferentiated meristems (Fig. S2). The meristems in ''taw1-D1'' homozygous inflorescences were analyzed for expression of two SM marker genes, ''FRIZZY PANICLE'' (''FZP'') and ''LEAFY HULL STERILE1'' (''LHS1'')/''OsMADS1'', by in situ hybridization. The lack of expression of these genes indicated that the meristems in the homozygous mutants do not acquire SM identity (Fig. 1 J–M).

	===Expression===		===Expression===