Template:Mitochondrion - Revision history

Zhangzhang at 11:55, 5 June 2014

2014-06-05T11:55:37Z

Zhangzhang at 11:52, 5 June 2014

2014-06-05T11:52:18Z

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Zhangzhang: Reverted edits by Zhangzhang (talk) to last revision by Tangdanwiki

2014-06-05T11:50:42Z

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Zhangzhang: Protected "Template:Mitochondrion" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

2014-05-11T15:17:39Z

Protected "Template:Mitochondrion" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

Zhangzhang: Reverted edits by Tangdanwiki (talk) to last revision by Zhangzhang

2014-05-11T15:16:36Z

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Tangdanwiki: /* Function */

2014-05-11T14:38:58Z

‎Function

Tangdanwiki: /* Expression */

2014-05-10T08:12:59Z

‎Expression

Tangdanwiki: /* Expression */

2014-05-10T08:09:59Z

‎Expression

Tangdanwiki: /* References */

2014-05-10T07:48:24Z

‎References

Tangdanwiki: /* Knowledge extension */

2014-05-10T07:42:21Z

‎Knowledge extension

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:55, 5 June 2014
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−	~~Please input one-sentence summary here.~~
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−	~~==Annotated Information==~~
−	~~===Function===~~
−	~~Please input function information here.~~
−
−	~~===Expression===~~
−	~~Please input expression information here.~~
−
−	~~===Evolution===~~
−	~~Please input evolution information here.~~
−
−	~~You can also add sub-section(s) at will.~~
−
−	~~==Labs working on this gene==~~
−	~~Please input related labs here.~~
−
−	~~==References==~~
−	~~Please input cited references here.~~
−
−	~~==Structured Information==~~
−
	{\| style="background:#A1A3A6; width:85%;" border="0"		{\| style="background:#A1A3A6; width:85%;" border="0"
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 ==Annotated Information==
 ===Function===
 ===Expression===

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:12, 10 May 2014
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	Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial ''atp9'' gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure <ref name="ref6" />.		Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial ''atp9'' gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure <ref name="ref6" />.
−
−	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.
−
−
−	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.
−
−
−	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.
−
−
−	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.

	===Evolution===		===Evolution===

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:09, 10 May 2014
Line 12:		Line 12:

	Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial ''atp9'' gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure <ref name="ref6" />.		Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial ''atp9'' gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure <ref name="ref6" />.
		+
		+	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.
		+
		+
		+	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.
		+
		+
		+	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.
		+
		+
		+	When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level.Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long.Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure.

	===Evolution===		===Evolution===

@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ==References==
 <references>
-<ref name="ref1" />
+<ref name="ref1">
 Hernould M, Suharsono S, Litvak S, Araya A, Mouras A (1993) Male sterility induction in transgenic tobacco plants with an unedited ATP9 mitochondrial gene from wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2370-2374.</ref>
 <ref name="ref2">
-<ref name="ref2" />Zabaleta E, Mouras A, Hernould M, Suharsono S, Araya A (1996) Transgenic male-sterile plant induced by an unedited atp9 gene is restored to fertility by inhibiting its expression with antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11259–11263.
+Zabaleta E, Mouras A, Hernould M, Suharsono S, Araya A (1996) Transgenic male-sterile plant induced by an unedited atp9 gene is restored to fertility by inhibiting its expression with antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11259–11263.</ref>
 <ref name="ref3">
-<ref name="ref3" />Wei L, Yan ZX, Ding Y (2008) Mitochondrial RNA editing of F0-ATPase subunit 9 gene (atp9) transcripts of Yunnan purple rice cytoplasmic male sterile line and its maintainer line. Acta Physiol Plant 30:657–662.
+Wei L, Yan ZX, Ding Y (2008) Mitochondrial RNA editing of F0-ATPase subunit 9 gene (atp9) transcripts of Yunnan purple rice cytoplasmic male sterile line and its maintainer line. Acta Physiol Plant 30:657–662.</ref>
+<ref name="ref4">
-.Graves PV, Bégu D, Velours J, Neau E, Belloc F, Litvak S, Araya A (1990). Direct protein sequencing of wheat mitochondrial ATP-synthasesubunit 9 confirms RNA editing in plants. J. MOI.Biol. 214: 1-6.
+.Graves PV, Bégu D, Velours J, Neau E, Belloc F, Litvak S, Araya A (1990). Direct protein sequencing of wheat mitochondrial ATP-synthasesubunit 9 confirms RNA editing in plants. J. MOI.Biol. 214: 1-6.</ref>
+<ref name="ref5">
-.Dominique B, Pierre VG, Christine D, Geneviève A, Simon L, Alejandro A (1990) RNA Editing of Wheat Mitochondrial ATP Synthase Subunit 9: Direct Protein and cDNA Sequencing. The Plant Cell 2: 1283-1290.
+.Dominique B, Pierre VG, Christine D, Geneviève A, Simon L, Alejandro A (1990) RNA Editing of Wheat Mitochondrial ATP Synthase Subunit 9: Direct Protein and cDNA Sequencing. The Plant Cell 2: 1283-1290.</ref>
+<ref name="ref6">
-.Edward K, Kaleikau, Charles P, André, Virginia W (1993) Transcription of the gene coding for subunit 9 of ATP synthase in rice. Plant Molecular Biology 22: 899-905.
+.Edward K, Kaleikau, Charles P, André, Virginia W (1993) Transcription of the gene coding for subunit 9 of ATP synthase in rice. Plant Molecular Biology 22: 899-905.</ref>
+<ref name="ref7">
-.Ishikawa M, Kadowaki KI (1993) Excess RNA editing in Rice mitochondrial atp9 transcripts. Plant Cell Physiol 34(6):959–963.
+.Ishikawa M, Kadowaki KI (1993) Excess RNA editing in Rice mitochondrial atp9 transcripts. Plant Cell Physiol 34(6):959–963.</ref>
+<ref name="ref8">
-.Edward K, Kaleikau, Charles P, Andre, Virginia W (1990) Sequence of the Fo-atpase proteolipid (atp9) gene from rice mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 370.
+.Edward K, Kaleikau, Charles P, Andre, Virginia W (1990) Sequence of the Fo-atpase proteolipid (atp9) gene from rice mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Research 18: 370.</ref>
+<ref name="ref9">
-.Simpson L, Shaw J (1989) RNA editing and the mitochondrial cryptogenes of kinetoplastid protozoa. Cell 57: 355-366.
+.Simpson L, Shaw J (1989) RNA editing and the mitochondrial cryptogenes of kinetoplastid protozoa. Cell 57: 355-366.</ref>
+<ref name="ref10">
-.Cattaneo R, Kaelin K, Baczko K, Billeter MA (1989) Measles virus editing provides an additional cysteine-rich protein. Cell 56： 759-764.
+.Cattaneo R, Kaelin K, Baczko K, Billeter MA (1989) Measles virus editing provides an additional cysteine-rich protein. Cell 56： 759-764.</ref>
+<ref name="ref11">
-.Covello PS, Gray MW (1989) RNA editing in wheat mitochondria.Nature 341: 662-666.
+.Covello PS, Gray MW (1989) RNA editing in wheat mitochondria.Nature 341: 662-666.</ref>
+<ref name="ref12">
-.Higuchi K, Hospattankar AV, Law SW, Meglin N, Cortright J, Brewer B, Jr (1988) Human apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA: ldentificationof two distinct apoB mRNAs, an mRNA with the apoB-1O0 sequence and an apoB mRNA containing a premature in frame translational stop codon in both liver and intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1772-1776.
+.Higuchi K, Hospattankar AV, Law SW, Meglin N, Cortright J, Brewer B, Jr (1988) Human apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA: ldentificationof two distinct apoB mRNAs, an mRNA with the apoB-1O0 sequence and an apoB mRNA containing a premature in frame translational stop codon in both liver and intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 1772-1776.</ref>
+<ref name="ref13">
-.Mackenzie S, He S, Lyznik A (1994) The elusive plant mitochondrion as a genetic system. Plant Physiol 105: 775-780.
+.Mackenzie S, He S, Lyznik A (1994) The elusive plant mitochondrion as a genetic system. Plant Physiol 105: 775-780.</ref>
+<ref name="ref14">
+Schnable PS, Wise RP (1998) The molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. Trends Plant Sci 3: 175-180.</ref>
-Schnable PS, Wise RP (1998) The molecular basis of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. Trends Plant Sci 3: 175-180
+</references>

← Older revision	Revision as of 15:17, 11 May 2014
(No difference)

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 ===Knowledge extension===
-RNA editing is a biological phenomenon consisting of the modificationof the genetic message leadingto the creation of new codons or to the alteration of reading frames. Severa1 mechanisms have been described such as the addition/deletion of uridine residues in trypanosome mitochondria [9] and the addition of guanosine residues on paramyxovirus RNA [10]. In the case of higher plant mitochondria, RNA editing is found in several species and has been described for several protein coding genes [11]. The post-transcriptionalmodifications, observed by RNA or cDNA sequence analysis, occur mainly by C-to-U transitions, similar to the situation described for apolipoprotein B in mammalians [12]. The mechanism by which the C-to-U changes occur is unknown.
+RNA editing is a biological phenomenon consisting of the modificationof the genetic message leadingto the creation of new codons or to the alteration of reading frames. Severa1 mechanisms have been described such as the addition/deletion of uridine residues in trypanosome mitochondria <ref name="ref9" /> and the addition of guanosine residues on paramyxovirus RNA <ref name="ref10" />. In the case of higher plant mitochondria, RNA editing is found in several species and has been described for several protein coding genes <ref name="ref11" />. The post-transcriptionalmodifications, observed by RNA or cDNA sequence analysis, occur mainly by C-to-U transitions, similar to the situation described for apolipoprotein B in mammalians <ref name="ref12" />. The mechanism by which the C-to-U changes occur is unknown.
-Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited inability of a plant to produce functional pollen. Sterility-inducing cytoplasms have been identified in over 150 plant species [13]. The action of specific nuclear genes can suppress the cytoplasmic dysfunction and restore fertility. For several plant species CMS-associated DNA sequences have been identified [14]. They are located in the mitochondrial genome and often contain chimeric open reading frames (ORFs).
+Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited inability of a plant to produce functional pollen. Sterility-inducing cytoplasms have been identified in over 150 plant species <ref name="ref13" />. The action of specific nuclear genes can suppress the cytoplasmic dysfunction and restore fertility. For several plant species CMS-associated DNA sequences have been identified <ref name="ref14" />. They are located in the mitochondrial genome and often contain chimeric open reading frames (ORFs).
 ==Labs working on this gene==