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| − | The rice '''''atp9''''' sequence was first reported by Grabau et al. (1990) in soybean mitochondria.This gene encodes an extremely hydrophobic protein that, when relocated, is particularly challenging to import into mitochondria. <ref name="ref1" /><ref name="ref3" />.
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| | ==Annotated Information== | | ==Annotated Information== |
| | ===Function=== | | ===Function=== |
| − | atp9 gene, which encodes ATPase subunit 9, is an important functional gene in mitochondria, and is closely related with energy supply.RNA editing of atp9 gene was associated with male sterility in plants<ref name="ref2" />.
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| − | The protein it encodes has only two transmembrane segments, yet is extremely hydrophobic and classified as a proteolipid because it can easily be extracted from mitochondria with organic solvents . Subunit 9 is present in several copies , forming a ring structure that is an essential component of the ATP synthase proton-translocating domain . During proton transport, the subunit 9-ring rotates, resulting in conformational changes that favour the production of ATP by the catalytic head of the ATP synthase and its release into the mitochondrial matrix.<ref name="ref3" />
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| − | === Mutation ===
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| − | When performing the partial protein sequencing of the mitochondrial subunit 9 of ATP synthase (ATP 9), some residues differ from those encoded for by the mitochondrial atp9 gene. The differences are explained by assuming C-to-U transitions at the mRNA level. Thus, mRNA modifications by RNA editing are reflected at the translational level <ref name="ref4" />.
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| − | Extended observations to the cDNA sequence of atp9 demonstrate the presence of partially modified mRNA molecules. One C-to-U conversion transforms an argininecodon into a stop codon, shortening the protein to the “standard” size when compared with other mitochondrial ATP 9. The analysis of subunit 9 by peptide sequencing and amino acid composition confirms these results. The atp9 transcripts are modified by C-to-U changes in a process called RNA editing. Eight codons are involved in RNA editing: five lead to an amino acid change, two give no modification, and one transforms an Arg codon into astop codon. The editing process for wheat ATP 9 represents an important modification in genetic information, considering that the gene is only 243 nucleotides long <ref name="ref5" />.
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| − | Transcription of the single-copy rice mitochondrial atp9 gene has been analyzed. A hypothesis shows that transcription initiates from this promoter to yield a 0.65 kb precursor mRNA and that this primary transcript is processed to a smaller 0.45 kb mature mRNA. This smaller mRNA ends at a putative double stem-loop structure <ref name="ref6" />.
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| | ===Expression=== | | ===Expression=== |
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| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | <references>
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| − | <ref name="ref1">Wei Jiang, Shouping Yang*, Deyue Yu and Junyi Gai.A comparative study of A TPase subunit 9 (Atp9) gene between cytoplasmic male sterile line and its maintainer line in soybeans.African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(51), pp. 10387-10392, 7 September , 2011</ref>
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| − | <ref name="ref2">Sandrine Bonhomme, 1 Sharon Bird and Linda Bonen*.Comparison of the wheat mitochondrial atp9 gene sequence with mitochondrial and chloroplast homologues from other plants .Plant Molecular Biology 13: 395-397, 1989.</ref>
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| − | <ref name="ref3">
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| − | Maı¨lis Bietenhader1,2, Alexandre Martos1,2 Experimental Relocation of the MitochondrialATP9Gene to the Nucleus Reveals Forces Underlying Mitochondrial
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| − | Genome Evolution PLOS Genetics August 2012</ref>
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| − | == Structured Information ==
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| − | {{Mitochondrion|
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| − | GeneName = atp9|
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| − | Description = ATP synthase F0 subunit 9|
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| − | Version = GeneID:6450130|
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| − | Length = 225 bp|
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| − | Definition = Oryza sativa Japonica Group ''atp9'', Mitochondrion gene.|
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| − | Source = Oryza sativa Japonica Group
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| − | ORGANISM Oryza sativa Japonica Group
| + | ==Structured Information== |
| − | Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta;
| + | [[Category:Genes]][[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]][[Category:Japonica Mitochondrion]] |
| − | Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Liliopsida; Poales; Poaceae; BEP
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| − | clade; Ehrhartoideae; Oryzeae; Oryza.
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| − | Chromosome = [[:category:Japonica Mitochondrion|Mitochondrion]]|
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| − | AP = Mitochondrion:263141..263365|
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| − | CDS = 263141..263365|
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| − | GCID = <gbrowseImage1>
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| − | name=NC_011033:263141..263365
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| − | source=Rice_Japonica_Mitochondrion
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| − | preset=GeneLocation
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| − | </gbrowseImage1>|
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| − | GSID = <gbrowseImage2>
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| − | name=NC_011033:263141..263365
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| − | source=Rice_Japonica_Mitochondrion
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| − | preset=GeneLocation
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| − | </gbrowseImage2>|
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| − | AA = <aaseq>MLEGAKLIGAGAATIALAGAAVGIGNVFSSLIHSVARNPSLAKQLFGYAILGFALTEAIALFALMMAFLILFVF</aaseq>|
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| − | DNA <dnaseqindica>1..225#atgttagaaggagctaaatcaataggtgccggagctgctacaattgctttagcgggagctgctgtcggtattggaaacgtcctcagttcttcgattcattccgtggcgcgaaatccttcattggctaaacaattatttggttatgccattttgggctttgctctcaccgaagctattgcattgtttgccccaatgatggcctttctgatttcattcgttttccga</dnaseqindica>|
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| − | }}
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| − | [[Category:Genes]] | |
| − | [[Category:Japonica mRNA]]
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| − | [[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]] | |
| − | [[Category:Japonica Genes]]
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| − | [[Category:Japonica Mitochondrion]] | |
| − | [[Category:Mitochondrion]
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