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| − | ===Function=== | + | The rice gene Os06g0665400 was reported as '''''apo1''''' in 2007<ref name="ref1" /> by researchers from Japan. |
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| − | The temporal and spatial control of meristem identity is a key element in plant development.Through certain research,we found out that the rice aberrant panicle organization 1 (apo1) mutants revealed that APO1 positively controls spikelet number by suppressing the precocious conversion of inflorescence meristems to spikelet meristems.Besides, the rice aberrant panicle organization 2 (apo2) mutant which exhibits small panicles reduces number of primary branches due to the precocious formation of spikelet meristems.
| + | ==Annotated Information== |
| | + | ===Gene Symbol=== |
| | + | *'''''Os06g0665400 <=> apo1(t), apo1, SCM2, SCM2/APO1, OsFbox321, Os_F0393 |
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| − | To better understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate inflorescence and flower architecture,To elucidate its molecular function, we isolated the APO1 and AP02 gene using a map-based strategy. And through analyses of phenotypes and gene expression,we revealed that phenotypic analyses of apo1 and floral homeotic double mutants demonstrate that APO1 positively regulates class-C floral homeotic genes, but not class-B genes. Molecular studies revealed that APO1 encodes an F-box protein, an ortholog of Arabidopsis UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGAN (UFO), which is a positive regulator of class-B genes. Over expression of APO1 caused an increase in inflorescence branches and spikelets. As the mutant inflorescences and flowers differed considerably between apo1 and ufo, the functions of APO1 and UFO appear to have diverged during evolution.
| + | ===Function=== |
| − | | + | * '''''APO1''''' positively controls spikelet number by suppressing the precocious conversion of inflorescence meristems to spikelet meristems. In addition, '''''APO1''''' is associated with the regulation of the plastchron, floral organ identity, and floral determinacy. |
| − | In addition,APO2 is identical to previously reported RFL gene, the rice ortholog of the Arabidopsis LEAFY(LFY) gene. Further analysis indicated that APO2/RFL and APO1, the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS, act cooperatively to control inflorescence and flower development. The present study revealed functional differences between APO2/RFL and LFY. In particular, APO2/RFL and LFY act oppositely on inflorescence development. Therefore, the genetic mechanisms for controlling inflorescence architecture have evolutionarily diverged between rice (monocots) and Arabidopsis (eudicots). | |
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| − | [[File:wjt2.jpg]]
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| − | ''Figure 1.Phenotypes of apo1.(a) Panicle structure.(b)Top view of the wild-type inflorescence.(c) Side view of the apo1-2inflorescence.(d) Wild-type flower comprising two lodicules (arrowhead), six stamens and one pistil(e) apo1-2 flower comprising two lodicules (arrowheads), two lodiculestamen mosaic organs (arrows), three stamens and three pistils.(f) SEM image of apo1-1 flower.(g) In situ expression of DL gene in wild-type (left)and apo1-1(right) flowers.DL is expressed in normal and extopic carpel primordia (arrowheads).(h), (i) Schematic representation of wild-type (f) and apo1 (g) flowers. (j), (k)A model of floral organ identity in wild type (h) and apo1 (i). Abbreviations: ca,carpel; cg, mosaic organ between carpel and glume; le, lemma; lo, lodicule; pa,palea; st, stamen. Scale bars = 10 cm in (a), and 50 lm in (b) and (c).''<ref name="ref3" />. | |
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| − | [[File:wjt5.jpg]]
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| − | ''Figure 2.Vegetative phenotypes of wild-type and apo2 plants. | |
| − | (a) Three-week-old seedlings of wild-type (left) and apo2-1 plants (right).Arrowheads indicate the fourth leaf. (b) Changing pattern in the number of leaves during development. (c) Size of second leaf in wild-type and apo2-1 plants. (d) Cell lengths of second and fourth leaf sheath in wild-type and apo2-1 plants. (e) Transverse sections of mature fourth leaf blades in wild-type (left) and apo2-1 plants (right). Vertical bars in (b), (c), and (d) indicate standard deviations. Asterisks in (c) and (d) indicate significant difference from wildtype at P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test). Scale bars, 5 cm in (a), 50 lm in (e), and (f).''<ref name="ref1" />.
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| − | ===Molecular function of APO1===
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| − | Using the F2 population ofAPO1/apo1-3 · cv. Kasalath (Oryza sativa spp. indica), APO1 was roughly mapped at around 106 cM between two sequence-tagged site (STS) markers, R3819 and C11635, of chromosome 6. This map position supports the close linkage with SPW1 located at around 120 cM. We also found a close homolog of UFO within this region. Occurrence of the mosaic floral organs observed in apo1 resembled the floral phenotypes of Arabidopsis ufo mutants, and prompted us to test the idea that the UFO homolog might be APO1. To test this idea, we examined the nucleotide sequence of this region in the three apo1 alleles. The UFO-like gene comprised two exons and one intron . Sequencing analysis detected one nucleotide substitution in the exon of each apo1 allele. Three substitutions caused non-sense mutations at positions 28, 211 and 378 of the deduced amino acid sequence. The mutant phenotype of apo1-3 was rescued when an 8.5-kb genomic fragment containing the UFO-like gene was introduced . Thus, we conclude that APO1 is the UFO-like gene. APO1 encodes a putative protein of 429 amino acids, with motifs that suggest a role as an F-box protein at the N-terminus. F-box proteins are characterized as components that bind substrates for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (Kipreos and Pagano, 2000). F-box proteins contain a protein–protein interaction motif in the C-terminal region that binds to the target protein (Kipreos and Pagano,2000).
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| − | APO1 encodes an F-box protein that is closely related to Antirrhinum FIM and Arabidopsis UFO. The F-box motif provides substrate specificity for large protein complexes called SCFs (Skp1-Culling-F-box protein complexes), which have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and target proteins for degradation(Kipreos and Pagano, 2000). As genetic experiments and a binding assay revealed that UFO interacts with the Arabidopsis SKP1 homolog, ASK1 (Durfee et al., 2003; Zhao et al., 2001),UFOis thought to act as the receptor that recruits the substrate. F-box proteins generally contain a protein–protein interaction motif to bind the substrates in the C-terminal portion. However, such a motif and its target protein of FIM/UFO remain unknown. We also could not find a protein– protein interaction motif in the C-terminal portion of APO1.<ref name="ref3" />.
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| − | [[File:wjt1.jpg]]
| + | * '''''APO1''''' positively regulates class-C floral homeotic genes, but not class-B genes. |
| − | ''Figure 3.Sequence analysis of the APO1 gene. | |
| − | (a) Exon/intron structure of APO1 and mutations in three alleles. Two open boxes indicate exons split by a small intron. Mutations in the three alleles are indicated.
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| − | (b) Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences encoded by APO1, STP, PFM, FIM, UFO, maize fimbriata A and maize fimbriata B. Residues that are>50% identical are shaded in black. Conservative substitutions at an amino acid position are shaded in gray. Dashes denote gaps that were introduced to optimize the alignment. The F-box domain is underlined. Asterisks indicate the completely conserved amino acid and dots indicate the similar residues.
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| − | (c) An unrooted phyllogenetic tree generated by CLUSTALX using the neighbor-joining method from the predicted amino acid sequences of F-box genes from Arabidopsis and rice, and UFO homologs from other plants.Bootstrap values generated with 1000 replicates are indicated before the nodes. The bar represents the branch length equivalent to 0.1 amino acid changes per residue.''<ref name="ref3" />.
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| − | ===Labs working on this gene=== | + | * Molecular studies revealed that APO1 encodes an F-box protein, an ortholog of Arabidopsis UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGAN (UFO), which is a positive regulator of class-B genes. |
| − | 1 Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu,Jun-Ichi Itoh1 and Yasuo Nagato,Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. | + | ===Mutation=== |
| | + | [[File:Os06g0665400-1.png|right|thumb|300px|'''Figure 1. Phenotypes of apo1.''' '' <ref name="ref1" />.'']] |
| | + | * apo1 showed a number of abnormal phenotypes in the vegetative and reproductive phases. During vegetative growth, apo1 plants produced leaves rapidly, resulting in 1.5-fold more leaves than the wild type at the mature stage. In the reproductive phase, apo1 exhibited remarkable phenotypes in both panicle (inflorescence) architecture and floral organ identity (Figure 1a). At the early stage of panicle development primary branch primordia were produced by distichous phyllotaxy, in contrast to 2/5 spiral phyllotaxy in the wild type (Figure 1b,c). |
| | + | * The apo1 mutation also affected floral organ identities. In apo1 flowers, stamens were frequently replaced with lodicules (petals), and carpels were produced indeterminately (Figure 1d–f). |
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| − | 2 Masahiko Maekawa, National Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
| + | ===Expression === |
| | + | * APO1 was expressed in apical meristems and the lateral organ primordia throughout development. |
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| − | 3 Takeshi Izawa,National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
| + | You can also add sub-section(s) at will. |
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| − | 4 Kyoko Ikeda,Momoyo Ito, Nobuhiro Nagasawa, Junko Kyozuka and Yasuo Nagato,
| + | ==Labs working on this gene== |
| − | Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan | + | * Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan |
| | + | ==References== |
| | + | <references> |
| | + | * <ref name="ref1"> |
| | + | Ikeda K, Ito M, Nagasawa N, Kyozuka J, Nagato Y. Rice ABERRANT PANICLE |
| | + | ORGANIZATION 1, encoding an F-box protein, regulates meristem fate. Plant J. 2007 |
| | + | Sep;51(6):1030-40. PubMed PMID: 17666027. |
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| − | ===References===
| + | </ref> |
| − | 1.↑Ikeda‐Kawakatsu K, Maekawa M, Izawa T, et al. ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 2/RFL, the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis LEAFY, suppresses the transition from inflorescence meristem to floral meristem through interaction with APO1[J]. The Plant Journal, 2012, 69(1): 168-180.
| + | </references> |
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| − | 2.↑Terao T, Nagata K, Morino K, et al. A gene controlling the number of primary rachis branches also controls the vascular bundle formation and hence is responsible to increase the harvest index and grain yield in rice[J]. Theoretical and applied genetics, 2010, 120(5): 875-893.
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| − | 3.↑Ikeda K, Ito M, Nagasawa N, et al. Rice ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 1, encoding an F‐box protein, regulates meristem fate[J]. The Plant Journal, 2007, 51(6): 1030-1040.
| + | ==Structured Information== |
| | + | [[Category:Genes]][[Category:Oryza Sativa Japonica Group]][[Category:Japonica Chromosome 06]] |
