Difference between revisions of "Os07g0261200"

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Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.
 
Stresses that regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'': Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed ''Ghd7'' expression, whereas low temperature enhanced ''Ghd7'' expression. Overexpression of ''Ghd7'' increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of ''Ghd7'' enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that ''Ghd7'' was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses<ref name="ref1" />.
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[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]
 
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.
 
Genes regulate the expression of ''Ghd7'' are as follows: Two orthologs of ''EARLY FLOWERING3'' genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7<ref name="ref5" /><ref name="ref6" /> '';Rice Indeterminate1'' acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of ''Ghd7'' independent of the photoperiod<ref name="ref7" />;''Ehd3'', which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of ''Ghd7''<ref name="ref8" />;Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response<ref name="ref9" />.
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[[File:Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.jpg|right|thumb|150px|'''Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.'''Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference<ref name="ref10" />)]]
 
  
 
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" />
 
By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce ''Ghd7'' mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of ''Ghd7'' mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.<ref name="ref10" />

Revision as of 10:41, 31 May 2014

Ghd7 is a gene controlling rice grain number per panicle,plant height,heading stage,and the main effect of QTL.

Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7（Ghd7） Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response in rice

Function

In long sunshine condition, the enhanced expression of Ghd7 could delay the earing, increase the plant height and grain number per panicle, and the natural mutant with weaken function can grow to temperate and even colder regions. Ghd7, therefore, has a very important role for an potential increase and adaptability in global rice yield . PhyA alone or phyB and phyC work together can induce Ghd7 mRNA accumulation, and phyB alone can reduce the Ghd7 mRNA level to some degree. In addition phyB and phyA can influence the actiity of the Ghd7 and Hd1 respectively. Hd2 and Hd16, Hd2 and genetic interactions between Ghd7. Hd2 and its genetic interactions has a very important role for heading stage by controlling the condition of long sunshine.

Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (Ghd7) has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice;As a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of Ghd7 on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds. Ghd7 regulates yield traits through modulating panicle branching independent of heading date. Ghd7 also regulates plasticity of tiller branching by mediating the PHYTOCHROME B-TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 pathway;so,Ghd7 functions to integrate the dynamic environmental inputs with phase transition, architecture regulation, and stress response to maximize the reproductive success of the rice plant[1].

Grain number, plant height, andheading date7 (Ghd7) encoding a CCT (CONSTANS,CONSTANS-LIKE, and TIMING OF CHLOROPHYLL A/B BINDING1) domain protein is considered to be a key regulator of the rice-specific flowering pathway and also contributes to rice yield potential[2];Ghd7 controls the critical daylength response of Early heading date1 (Ehd1) and florigen expression through circadian gating and phytochrome action[3][4].Ghd7 showed pleiotropic effects on heading date,plant height, and yield traits, and its expression was regulated by light signal and photoperiod[2][3].

Localization

Ghd7 is located in rice chromosome 7 between markers R1440 and C1023; Further,percisely it is located between RM5436 and RM2256 range ,the length of which is 79 KB

Expression

Ghd7 cDNA of Minghui 63 is 1013 bp, encoding a nucleoprotein composed of 257 amino acid , the product is protein structure,ie,a CCT (CO, CO - LIKE the and TIMING OF CAB1) , and the CCTS OF arabidopsis CO protein domain has a lot OF similarities, but differently. it has no obvious zinc finger protein structure, and these two protein homologous relationship is not too big.

Stresses that regulate the expression of Ghd7: Drought, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and high-temperature stress strongly repressed Ghd7 expression, whereas low temperature enhanced Ghd7 expression. Overexpression of Ghd7 increased drought sensitivity, whereas knock-down of Ghd7 enhanced drought tolerance. Gene chip analysis of expression profiles revealed that Ghd7 was involved in the regulation of multiple processes, including flowering time, hormone metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses[1].

Figure 1. Newly proposed model of daylength measurement in rice.Red and blue lines indicate red- and blue-light mediated responses,respectively. In addition to the two gate mechanisms, there are two phytochrome-dependent controls for time-keeping mechanisms in rice: LD-prominent promotion of Ghd7 repressor activity by phyB and LDprominent inhibition of Ehd1 activity by phyA((from reference[5])

Genes regulate the expression of Ghd7 are as follows: Two orthologs of EARLY FLOWERING3 genes, which mediate the circadian and photoperiodic regulation, act as negative regulators of Ghd7[6][7] ;Rice Indeterminate1 acts as a master switch for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase and regulates the expression of Ghd7 independent of the photoperiod[8];Ehd3, which contains two plant homeodomain finger motifs and is possibly involved in chromatin state modulation, negatively regulates the transcription of Ghd7[9];Heading date16 (Hd16), a flowering time quantitative trait locus gene, was recently shown to encode a casein kinase I protein that mediates the phosphorylation of GHD7 and enhances the photoperiod response[10].

By using single and double phytochrome mutant lines of rice, results show that either phyA alone or a genetic combination of phyB and phyC can induce Ghd7 mRNA, whereas phyB alone causes some reduction in levels of Ghd7 mRNA. Moreover, phyB and phyA can affect Ghd7 activity and Early heading date1 (a floral inducer) activity in the network, respectively. Therefore, each phytochrome gene of rice has distinct roles, and all of the phytochrome actions coordinately control the critical daylength response of florigen expression in rice;some time-keeping molecular mechanisms exist beside the phytochrome signaling in rice, possibly independent of the circadian clock (Fig. 1). The possible action of phyB to enhance Ghd7 activity and thus to control Ehd1 expression, and the possible action of phyA to reduce Ehd1 activity and thus control Hd3a/RFT1 expression, are likely to be both daylength sensitive. In addition to elucidating how light conditions contribute to the formation of the Ghd7 and Ehd1 gates, these results raise new questions as to the molecular mechanisms by which rice phytochromes measure daylength.[5]


Ghd7 is encoded by Ghd7 .Considering that the nucleotide diversity in the coding regioncannot exactly represent the protein diversity owing to synonymous SNPs in exons, Ghd7 protein diversity was analyzed in the present study.Ghd7 has a partial-dominant effecton flowering time, plant height, and yield traits;The phenotypic effect of Ghd7 is quantitatively related to the abundance of its transcript, and the enhanced transcript level of Ghd7 caused delayed flowering, increased plant height, and yield traits.

Evolution

Labs working on this gene

1.National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

2.Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo,and Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences

3.QTL Genomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan

4.Institute of the Society for Techno-innovation of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan

References

<references> [1] [2] [3] [4] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [5]


1. Xiaoyu Weng;Lei Wang;Jia Wang;Yong Hu;Hao Du;Caiguo Xu;Yongzhong Xing;Xianghua Li;Jinghua Xiao;Qifa Zhang 

 Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response
 Plant Physiology, 2014, 164(2): 735-747

2. Li Lu;Wenhao Yan;Weiya Xue;Di Shao;Yongzhong Xing 

 Evolution and Association Analysis of Ghd7 in Rice
 PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(5): e34021

3. Asami Osugi;Hironori Itoh;Kyoko Ikeda-Kawakatsu;Makoto Takano;Takeshi Izawa 

 Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice
 Plant Physiology, 2011, 157(3): 1128-1137

4. Taeko Shibaya;Yasunori Nonoue;Nozomi Ono;Utako Yamanouchi;Kiyosumi Hori;Masahiro Yano 

 Genetic interactions involved in the inhibition of heading by heading date QTL, Hd2 in rice under long-day conditions
 Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2011, 123(7): 1133-1143

5. Weiya Xue;Yongzhong Xing;Xiaoyu Weng;Yu Zhao;Weijiang Tang;Lei Wang;Hongju Zhou;Sibin Yu;Caiguo Xu;Xianghua Li & Qifa Zhang 

 Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice
 Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(6): 761-767

Structured Information

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Weng XY,Wang L,Wang J,et al.(2014) Grain Number, Plant Height, and Heading Date7 Is a Central Regulator of Growth, Development, and Stress Response Plant Physiology 164(2): 735-747
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Xue W, Xing Y, Weng X,et al.(2008)Natural variation in Ghd7 is an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice. Nat Genet 40: 761–767
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Itoh H, Nonoue Y, Yano M, etal.(2010) A pair of floral regulators sets critical day length for Hd3a florigen expression in rice. Nat Genet 42: 635–638
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Osugi A, Itoh H, Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, etal.(2011) Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiol 157: 1128–1137
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Osugi A, Itoh H,Ikeda-Kawakatsu K, et al.(2011)Molecular dissection of the roles of phytochrome in photoperiodic flowering in rice. Plant Physiology 157(3): 1128-1137
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Zhao J, Huang X, Ouyang X, etal.(2012) OsELF3-1, an ortholog of Arabidopsis early flowering 3, regulates rice circadian rhythm and photoperiodic flowering. PLoS ONE 7:e43705
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Yang Y, Peng Q, Chen GX, etal.(2013) OsELF3 is involved in circadian clock regulation for promoting flowering under long-day conditions in rice. Mol Plant 6: 202–215
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wu C, You C, Li C, Long T,et al.(2008) RID1,encoding a Cys2/His2-type zinc finger transcription factor, acts as a master switch from vegetative to floral development in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 12915–12920
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Matsubara K, Yamanouchi U, Nonoue Y,et al.(2011) Ehd3, encoding a plant homeodomain finger-containing protein, is a critical promoter of rice flowering. Plant J 66: 603–612
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hori K, Ogiso-Tanaka E, Matsubara K, et al.(2013) Hd16, a gene for casein kinase I, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response. Plant J 76: 36–46
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