OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
10, 2011;53 (7): e25-76.

The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

John S Bradley, Carrie L Byington, Samir S Shah, Brian Alverson, Edward R Carter, Christopher Harrison, Sheldon L Kaplan, Sharon E Mace, George H McCracken, Matthew R Moore, Shawn D St Peter, Jana A Stockwell, Jack T Swanson, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Author Information
  1. John S Bradley: Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine and Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA. jbradley@rchsd.org
PMID: 21880587 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir531

Abstract

Evidenced-based guidelines for management of infants and children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were prepared by an expert panel comprising clinicians and investigators representing community pediatrics, public health, and the pediatric specialties of critical care, emergency medicine, hospital medicine, infectious diseases, pulmonology, and surgery. These guidelines are intended for use by primary care and subspecialty providers responsible for the management of otherwise healthy infants and children with CAP in both outpatient and inpatient settings. Site-of-care management, diagnosis, antimicrobial and adjunctive surgical therapy, and prevention are discussed. Areas that warrant future investigations are also highlighted.

References

  1. Thorax. 2004 Jun;59(6):522-5 [PMID: 15170039]
  2. Microb Drug Resist. 2001 Spring;7(1):85-96 [PMID: 11310807]
  3. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Feb 26;167(4):354-60 [PMID: 17242309]
  4. Pediatrics. 2010 Jan;125(1):e174-82 [PMID: 20026500]
  5. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Apr;19(4):373-7 [PMID: 10783038]
  6. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 15;45(8):983-91 [PMID: 17879912]
  7. An Pediatr (Barc). 2008 Feb;68(2):92-8 [PMID: 18341872]
  8. Eur J Intern Med. 2006 Jan;17(1):43-7 [PMID: 16378885]
  9. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;34(5):583-90 [PMID: 11803504]
  10. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):e547-53 [PMID: 16908618]
  11. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jun;29(6):1247-50 [PMID: 11395615]
  12. Pediatrics. 2010 Jan;125(1):e35-51 [PMID: 20008423]
  13. Pediatrics. 2002 Sep;110(3):e37 [PMID: 12205287]
  14. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2007 Jul-Aug;48(4):167-80 [PMID: 18265536]
  15. Thorax. 2005 Feb;60 Suppl 1:i1-21 [PMID: 15681514]
  16. Pediatrics. 2006 Apr;117(4):1210-5 [PMID: 16585317]
  17. Arch Dis Child. 1994 Oct;71(4):323-7 [PMID: 7979525]
  18. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 6;355(1):31-40 [PMID: 16822994]
  19. Pediatrics. 1984 May;73(5):587-93 [PMID: 6718113]
  20. Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;124(6):1694-701 [PMID: 19736258]
  21. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991 Mar;10(3):194-9 [PMID: 2041665]
  22. Radiology. 1985 Oct;157(1):79-80 [PMID: 4034982]
  23. Emerg Med J. 2004 Jul;21(4):446-8 [PMID: 15208227]
  24. JAMA. 1998 May 13;279(18):1452-7 [PMID: 9600479]
  25. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 11;342(19):1399-407 [PMID: 10805825]
  26. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Apr;29(4):294-300 [PMID: 19949357]
  27. Chest. 1986 Dec;90(6):852-6 [PMID: 3536342]
  28. Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;124(6):1676-9 [PMID: 19948632]
  29. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005 Sep;40(3):223-7 [PMID: 16010671]
  30. APMIS. 1989 Nov;97(11):1046-8 [PMID: 2511905]
  31. Lancet. 2009 Sep 12;374(9693):903-11 [PMID: 19748399]
  32. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987 Sep;6(9):821-5 [PMID: 3670949]
  33. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1993 Jul;16(1):1-8 [PMID: 8414734]
  34. QJM. 1996 Apr;89(4):285-9 [PMID: 8733515]
  35. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Jan;44(1):289-93 [PMID: 19159759]
  36. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Nov;46(5):393-400 [PMID: 16271664]
  37. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 17;361(25):e114 [PMID: 19955517]
  38. Pediatrics. 2003 Nov;112(5):1021-30 [PMID: 14595041]
  39. S Afr Med J. 2002 Nov;92(11):907-11 [PMID: 12506595]
  40. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Nov;88(5):704-7 [PMID: 20881956]
  41. Am J Respir Med. 2002;1(6):441-5 [PMID: 14720031]
  42. N Engl J Med. 1970 Oct 8;283(15):790-3 [PMID: 5456236]
  43. Rev Infect Dis. 1990 Mar-Apr;12(2):338-53 [PMID: 2109871]
  44. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jan 23;336(4):243-50 [PMID: 8995086]
  45. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2005 Feb;25(1):107-30 [PMID: 15579367]
  46. Postgrad Med J. 2003 Apr;79(930):214-7 [PMID: 12743338]
  47. Acad Emerg Med. 2006 Dec;13(12):1259-68 [PMID: 17079787]
  48. Intensive Care Med. 2005 May;31(5):680-5 [PMID: 15803295]
  49. Vaccine. 2009 Jul 16;27(33):4457-61 [PMID: 19490957]
  50. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Mar;25(3):250-4 [PMID: 16511389]
  51. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2009 Jul 01;3(6):470-5 [PMID: 19762962]
  52. Epidemiol Infect. 2008 Nov;136(11):1448-54 [PMID: 18211724]
  53. Lancet. 1998 Feb 7;351(9100):404-8 [PMID: 9482294]
  54. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1988 Dec;4(4):241-2 [PMID: 3231554]
  55. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989 Dec;8(12):856-62 [PMID: 2516622]
  56. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Apr;23(4):365-7 [PMID: 15071298]
  57. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44 Suppl 2:S27-72 [PMID: 17278083]
  58. CJEM. 2002 Nov;4(6):388-93 [PMID: 17637155]
  59. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Jun;26(6):531-7 [PMID: 17529873]
  60. BMJ. 2008 Apr 26;336(7650):924-6 [PMID: 18436948]
  61. Acad Emerg Med. 2007 Mar;14(3):243-9 [PMID: 17242382]
  62. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Mar;24(1):61-71 [PMID: 20171546]
  63. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Mar 12;59(9):258-61 [PMID: 20224542]
  64. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009 May;9(5):281-90 [PMID: 19393958]
  65. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 1;41(1):21-9 [PMID: 15937758]
  66. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003 Apr;157(4):389-92 [PMID: 12695236]
  67. Pediatrics. 2008 Mar;121(3):e533-8 [PMID: 18310174]
  68. Pediatrics. 1998 Jan;101(1 Pt 1):68-71 [PMID: 9417153]
  69. J Gen Intern Med. 1995 Jul;10(7):359-68 [PMID: 7472683]
  70. Pediatr Radiol. 1999 Jun;29(6):459-62 [PMID: 10369906]
  71. Thorax. 2006 Jul;61(7):611-5 [PMID: 16537670]
  72. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984 Nov-Dec;3(6):578-91 [PMID: 6514596]
  73. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 27;342(4):232-9 [PMID: 10648764]
  74. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Mar 12;59(9):253-7 [PMID: 20224541]
  75. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Feb 15;34(4):434-40 [PMID: 11797168]
  76. Dis Mon. 1992 May;38(5):266-331 [PMID: 1572232]
  77. Chest. 2004 Oct;126(4):1353-9 [PMID: 15486403]
  78. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 May;29(5):406-9 [PMID: 20032805]
  79. Pediatrics. 1997 Jun;99(6):846-50 [PMID: 9190554]
  80. Eur J Pediatr. 2009 Jul;168(7):851-7 [PMID: 18958497]
  81. J Child Neurol. 2001 Mar;16(3):164-8 [PMID: 11305683]
  82. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Jun 15;165(12):1618-23 [PMID: 12070062]
  83. Am J Med. 2005 Apr;118(4):384-92 [PMID: 15808136]
  84. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Nov;27(11):2492-6 [PMID: 2509513]
  85. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001 Jan;39(1):15-9 [PMID: 11173186]
  86. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Jun;27(6):721-5 [PMID: 8644958]
  87. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 May;16(5):824-6 [PMID: 20409373]
  88. Arch Dis Child. 2003 Jun;88(6):525-6 [PMID: 12765923]
  89. Vaccine. 2008 Mar 4;26(10):1397-403 [PMID: 18280620]
  90. Thorax. 2003 May;58(5):377-82 [PMID: 12728155]
  91. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Nov;27(11):1030-2 [PMID: 18845981]
  92. CJEM. 2007 Sep;9(5):347-51 [PMID: 17935650]
  93. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Aug;29(8):712-6 [PMID: 20661100]
  94. Pediatrics. 1979 Jan;63(1):30-1 [PMID: 440799]
  95. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Mar 1;32(5):824-5 [PMID: 11229853]
  96. Arch Dis Child. 2003 May;88(5):457-8 [PMID: 12716727]
  97. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 May;43(5):2510-2 [PMID: 15872298]
  98. J Infect Chemother. 2009 Dec;15(6):380-3 [PMID: 20012728]
  99. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 May 1;48(9):1244-9 [PMID: 19331586]
  100. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Jan;41(1):521-2 [PMID: 12517914]
  101. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Dec;25(12):783-9 [PMID: 17089094]
  102. Lancet. 2009 Sep 12;374(9693):893-902 [PMID: 19748398]
  103. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 15;353(24):2559-67 [PMID: 16354892]
  104. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 May 1;46(9):1346-52 [PMID: 18419434]
  105. Pediatrics. 2005 Mar;115(3):642-8 [PMID: 15741366]
  106. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006 Aug;41(8):726-34 [PMID: 16779839]
  107. Intensive Care Med. 2010 Jun;36(6):1015-22 [PMID: 20237757]
  108. Pediatr Int. 2010 Jun;52(3):453-8 [PMID: 19919636]
  109. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006 Aug;41(8):750-3 [PMID: 16779851]
  110. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 May;34(5):1180-3 [PMID: 8727899]
  111. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Sep 14;169(16):1525-31 [PMID: 19752411]
  112. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23;(1):CD001268 [PMID: 18253988]
  113. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988 Mar;7(3):160-4 [PMID: 3357713]
  114. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (Bethesda). 1965;5:693-9 [PMID: 5883484]
  115. J Med Virol. 2009 Jan;81(1):160-6 [PMID: 19031467]
  116. Chest. 2000 Oct;118(4):1158-71 [PMID: 11035692]
  117. PLoS One. 2010 Aug 06;5(8):e11989 [PMID: 20700510]
  118. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2010 May;11(3):390-5 [PMID: 19838143]
  119. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Sep;14(9):828-34 [PMID: 18844683]
  120. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Jul 15;174(2):221-7 [PMID: 16675783]
  121. Intensive Care Med. 2009 Mar;35(3):527-36 [PMID: 18982307]
  122. Intensive Care Med. 1998 Jul;24(7):699-705 [PMID: 9722040]
  123. Pediatrics. 2000 Sep;106(3):505-11 [PMID: 10969095]
  124. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2005 Aug;52(4):1059-81, viii [PMID: 16009257]
  125. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1998 Sep;12(3):741-59, x [PMID: 9779388]
  126. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Sep;14(9):1390-7 [PMID: 18760005]
  127. Am J Dis Child. 1990 Dec;144(12):1337-42 [PMID: 2244616]
  128. Pediatrics. 2002 Aug;110(2 Pt 1):371-6 [PMID: 12165593]
  129. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Nov;27(11):969-73 [PMID: 18833027]
  130. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002 Dec;156(12):1230-4 [PMID: 12444835]
  131. Pediatrics. 2006 Sep;118(3):865-73 [PMID: 16950975]
  132. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 May;45(5):475-80 [PMID: 20425855]
  133. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006 Mar;22(3):145-9 [PMID: 16628094]
  134. Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122(4):805-11 [PMID: 18829805]
  135. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Nov;17(11):986-91 [PMID: 9849979]
  136. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1984 Jul;23(7):398-9 [PMID: 6723188]
  137. Ann Emerg Med. 2009 Nov;54(5):704-31 [PMID: 19853781]
  138. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2006 Jun;55(2):89-94 [PMID: 16530375]
  139. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Jan;19(1):41-6 [PMID: 10643849]
  140. Clin Radiol. 2004 Aug;59(8):743-52 [PMID: 15262550]
  141. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2006 Oct-Nov;54(8-9):498-501 [PMID: 17027186]
  142. Pediatrics. 2009 Jul;124(1):e29-36 [PMID: 19564266]
  143. Ambul Pediatr. 2007 May-Jun;7(3):258-62 [PMID: 17512888]
  144. Thorax. 2002 May;57 Suppl 1:i1-24 [PMID: 11994552]
  145. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Dec;25(12):1153-7 [PMID: 17133161]
  146. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Oct;26(10):868-78 [PMID: 17901791]
  147. BMC Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 25;8:129 [PMID: 18816409]
  148. Arch Dis Child. 2007 May;92(5):394-8 [PMID: 17261579]
  149. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Jul;29(7):585-90 [PMID: 20589966]
  150. Clin Radiol. 1997 Mar;52(3):235-8 [PMID: 9091261]
  151. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 May;19(5):424-32 [PMID: 10819338]
  152. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009 Jun;25(6):369-75 [PMID: 19458562]
  153. J Pediatr. 2008 Jun;152(6):850-3 [PMID: 18492530]
  154. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Aug 15;33(4):492-503 [PMID: 11462186]
  155. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Apr 15;48(8):1003-32 [PMID: 19281331]
  156. Thorax. 2003 Nov;58(11):920-36 [PMID: 14586042]
  157. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jan;23(1):14-34 [PMID: 20065324]
  158. Ann Emerg Med. 1988 Jan;17(1):43-6 [PMID: 3337414]
  159. Chest. 2007 Oct;132(4):1348-55 [PMID: 17934120]
  160. Bull World Health Organ. 2005 May;83(5):353-9 [PMID: 15976876]
  161. Vaccine. 2009 Aug 21;27 Suppl 3:C9-C14 [PMID: 19683658]
  162. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Apr;30(4):289-94 [PMID: 21057372]
  163. Pediatrics. 1998 Dec;102(6):1369-75 [PMID: 9832571]
  164. JAMA. 2000 Mar 15;283(11):1460-8 [PMID: 10732936]
  165. Pediatrics. 2006 Dec;118(6):e1822-30 [PMID: 17142503]
  166. Acta Paediatr. 2007 Nov;96(11):1686-92 [PMID: 17888048]
  167. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980 Feb;79(2):275-82 [PMID: 7351852]
  168. Pediatrics. 2009 Feb;123(2):636-42 [PMID: 19171632]
  169. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Dec 15;45(12):1568-75 [PMID: 18190317]
  170. J Pediatr. 1994 Apr;124(4):552-60 [PMID: 8151469]
  171. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004 Fall;16(3):196-200 [PMID: 15619185]
  172. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009 Jan;25(1):1-7 [PMID: 19116501]
  173. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Oct 28;156(19):2206-12 [PMID: 8885819]
  174. Am Surg. 2007 Jul;73(7):684-7; discussion 687-8 [PMID: 17674941]
  175. Paediatr Drugs. 2002;4(5):323-33 [PMID: 11994037]
  176. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):816-26 [PMID: 20805143]
  177. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Jun;32(6):870-2 [PMID: 9200089]
  178. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003 Jan;35(1):56-61 [PMID: 12461740]
  179. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Apr 1;165(7):867-903 [PMID: 11934711]
  180. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996 Jul;15(7):600-4 [PMID: 8823854]
  181. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 15;356(7):685-96 [PMID: 17301299]
  182. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Jun;14(6):471-7 [PMID: 7667050]
  183. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):429-37 [PMID: 11832532]
  184. J Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 1;201(1):32-41 [PMID: 19947881]
  185. Pediatr Surg Int. 2006 Feb;22(2):186-90 [PMID: 16362309]
  186. Respirology. 2004 Mar;9(1):109-14 [PMID: 14982611]
  187. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 1;47 Suppl 3:S241-8 [PMID: 18986297]
  188. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Feb;98(2):332-6 [PMID: 19006533]
  189. BMJ. 1993 Oct 30;307(6912):1117 [PMID: 8251812]
  190. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Apr 18;132(8):621-30 [PMID: 10766680]
  191. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jun 15;38(12):1651-72 [PMID: 15227610]
  192. N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 24;361(26):2582-3 [PMID: 20032332]
  193. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 May;30(5):784-9 [PMID: 10816149]
  194. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Nov;22(11):963-8 [PMID: 14614368]
  195. Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Aug;31 Suppl 2:S35-9 [PMID: 10984326]
  196. Pharmacoeconomics. 2007;25(8):677-83 [PMID: 17640109]
  197. Chest. 1996 Aug;110(2):343-50 [PMID: 8697831]
  198. J Pediatr Surg. 2009 Jan;44(1):106-11; discussion 111 [PMID: 19159726]
  199. Arch Intern Med. 2002 May 13;162(9):1059-64 [PMID: 11996618]
  200. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Jun;151(6):1700-8 [PMID: 7767510]
  201. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Sep;20(9):829-37 [PMID: 11734759]
  202. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Sep 4;58(34):941-7 [PMID: 19730406]
  203. Pediatrics. 2004 Mar;113(3 Pt 1):e186-9 [PMID: 14993575]
  204. J Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 1;199(5):605-9 [PMID: 19199551]
  205. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 May;23(5):412-4 [PMID: 15112064]
  206. Eur J Pediatr. 2010 May;169(5):581-4 [PMID: 19806363]
  207. Pediatrics. 2006 Dec;118(6):2409-17 [PMID: 17142526]
  208. Lancet. 2006 Sep 23;368(9541):1048-50 [PMID: 16997649]
  209. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989 Dec;8(12):852-5 [PMID: 2696926]
  210. Scand J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep;42(9):644-9 [PMID: 20438288]
  211. Klin Padiatr. 2005 Jul-Aug;217(4):211-9 [PMID: 16032546]
  212. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008 Jul;162(7):675-81 [PMID: 18606939]
  213. Thorax. 2010 Jun;65(6):510-5 [PMID: 20522848]
  214. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Apr;25(4):293-300 [PMID: 16567979]
  215. Pediatr Int. 2007 Jun;49(3):359-62 [PMID: 17532836]
  216. Pediatrics. 2006 Oct;118(4):1774-93 [PMID: 17015575]
  217. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2007 Mar;8(1):77-84 [PMID: 17419981]
  218. J Microbiol Methods. 2000 Jun;41(1):45-51 [PMID: 10856776]
  219. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 1;348(18):1737-46 [PMID: 12724479]
  220. J Clin Lab Anal. 2010;24(1):1-5 [PMID: 20087955]
  221. Med Princ Pract. 2009;18(4):305-9 [PMID: 19494539]
  222. Med Care. 1983 Jul;21(7):661-73 [PMID: 6350743]
  223. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Apr 16;(2):CD005976 [PMID: 18425930]
  224. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Dec;89(12):1155-7 [PMID: 15557055]
  225. Pediatrics. 2010 Aug;126(2):204-13 [PMID: 20643717]
  226. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Dec 1;47 Suppl 3:S249-65 [PMID: 19018610]
  227. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jan 15;38(2):222-6 [PMID: 14699454]
  228. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 May;31(5):1088-94 [PMID: 8501208]
  229. Pediatrics. 2006 Apr;117(4):e610-8 [PMID: 16585278]
  230. Chest. 1996 Feb;109(2):414-9 [PMID: 8620715]
  231. Pediatrics. 2003 Aug;112(2):363-7 [PMID: 12897288]
  232. Pediatrics. 2008 Aug;122(2):229-37 [PMID: 18676537]
  233. BMC Infect Dis. 2009 May 21;9:68 [PMID: 19460152]
  234. J Infect Chemother. 2008 Dec;14(6):424-32 [PMID: 19089556]
  235. Arch Dis Child. 2000 Nov;83(5):408-12 [PMID: 11040149]
  236. J Pediatr. 2009 Jan;154(1):91-5 [PMID: 18814887]
  237. Clin Ther. 2009 Jun;31(6):1266-73 [PMID: 19695393]
  238. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Jul;27(7):589-94 [PMID: 18520973]
  239. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008 Jan;9(1):96-100 [PMID: 18477921]
  240. Pediatrics. 2004 Apr;113(4):701-7 [PMID: 15060215]
  241. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 15;51(8):887-94 [PMID: 20815736]
  242. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Jun;29(6):519-23 [PMID: 20051928]
  243. Pediatrics. 2011 Feb;127(2):e255-63 [PMID: 21220397]
  244. N Z Med J. 1998 Aug 28;111(1072):315-7 [PMID: 9765629]
  245. Pediatrics. 2004 Jun;113(6):1735-40 [PMID: 15173499]
  246. Eur Respir J. 2006 Jan;27(1):151-7 [PMID: 16387948]
  247. J Pediatr. 1987 Aug;111(2):187-93 [PMID: 3612388]
  248. Pediatrics. 2003 Dec;112(6 Pt 1):1279-82 [PMID: 14654597]
  249. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 07;(7):CD004875 [PMID: 20614439]
  250. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Sep;29(9):840-3 [PMID: 20386141]
  251. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug 1;45(3):315-21 [PMID: 17599308]
  252. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(1):75-80 [PMID: 16493154]
  253. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009 Mar;23(1):35-52 [PMID: 19135915]
  254. Am J Med. 2002 Aug 1;113(2):120-6 [PMID: 12133750]
  255. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004 Jul;158(7):671-5 [PMID: 15237067]
  256. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Apr;92(4):291-7 [PMID: 16547082]
  257. Pediatrics. 2006 Feb;117(2):176-80 [PMID: 16452342]
  258. Chest. 2006 Sep;130(3):794-9 [PMID: 16963677]
  259. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Jun;22(6):499-504 [PMID: 12799505]
  260. JAMA. 1961 Apr 15;176:118-23 [PMID: 13756133]
  261. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Jun;30(6):475-9 [PMID: 21206393]
  262. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995 Jun;14(6):484-90 [PMID: 7667052]
  263. Arch Intern Med. 1999 May 10;159(9):970-80 [PMID: 10326939]
  264. J Hosp Med. 2009 Feb;4(2):112-23 [PMID: 19219920]
  265. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Sep;21(9):810-5 [PMID: 12352800]
  266. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 Oct;17(10):865-71 [PMID: 9802626]
  267. J Pediatr. 2007 Aug;151(2):140-4 [PMID: 17643764]
  268. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009 Dec;44(12):1192-200 [PMID: 19911359]
  269. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Dec 12-26;154(23):2729-32 [PMID: 7993157]
  270. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Jul;19(7):598-602 [PMID: 10917215]
  271. Lancet. 1989 Feb 11;1(8633):297-9 [PMID: 2563457]
  272. Pediatr Radiol. 1999 Feb;29(2):87-91 [PMID: 9933325]
  273. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 27;342(4):225-31 [PMID: 10648763]
  274. J Infect Chemother. 2004 Dec;10(6):359-63 [PMID: 15614462]
  275. Chest. 2003 Apr;123(4):1142-50 [PMID: 12684305]
  276. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Oct 2;58(38):1071-4 [PMID: 19798021]
  277. J Pediatr. 1971 Mar;78(3):397-406 [PMID: 5101436]
  278. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1997;16:46-7 [PMID: 9443193]
  279. Eur Respir J. 1997 May;10(5):1125-9 [PMID: 9163657]
  280. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1974 Jul;68(1):168-72 [PMID: 4599759]
  281. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Mar;63(3):511-9 [PMID: 19174454]
  282. JAMA. 1993 Jan 13;269(2):221-6 [PMID: 8417239]
  283. Emerg Radiol. 2010 Jul;17(4):285-90 [PMID: 20091078]
  284. Eur Respir J. 2001 Apr;17(4):623-7 [PMID: 11401055]
  285. Am J Med Qual. 2009 Sep-Oct;24(5):419-27 [PMID: 19520967]
  286. Arch Dis Child. 2001 Apr;84(4):332-6 [PMID: 11259234]
  287. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Feb;18(2):98-104 [PMID: 10048679]
  288. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Nov;148(5):1418-26 [PMID: 8239186]
  289. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007 Mar;57(3 Suppl):5S-12S [PMID: 17292577]
  290. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1998 Oct;14(5):338-41 [PMID: 9814400]
  291. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009 Apr;44(4):379-86 [PMID: 19330771]
  292. Clin Ther. 2008 Nov;30(11):2120-32 [PMID: 19108800]
  293. CMAJ. 1997 Mar 1;156(5):S703-11 [PMID: 9068582]
  294. Arch Dis Child. 2003 Oct;88(10):918-21 [PMID: 14500315]
  295. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2009 Apr 17;57(14):1-134 [PMID: 19788058]
  296. Scand J Infect Dis. 2009;41(3):182-7 [PMID: 19117244]
  297. J Trop Pediatr. 2006 Oct;52(5):307-10 [PMID: 16943216]
  298. Ann Emerg Med. 1999 Feb;33(2):166-73 [PMID: 9922412]
  299. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 6;354(14):1455-63 [PMID: 16598044]
  300. BMC Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 14;8:137 [PMID: 18854024]
  301. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(4):286-92 [PMID: 17918018]
  302. Crit Care Med. 1991 Apr;19(4):474-83 [PMID: 2019132]
  303. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 5;360(6):588-98 [PMID: 19196675]
  304. J Crit Care. 2006 Sep;21(3):271-8 [PMID: 16990097]
  305. JAMA. 2010 Apr 21;303(15):1517-25 [PMID: 20407061]
  306. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 03;5(6):e10938 [PMID: 20532176]
  307. N Engl J Med. 1995 Dec 14;333(24):1618-24 [PMID: 7477199]
  308. Pediatrics. 2002 Jul;110(1 Pt 1):1-6 [PMID: 12093940]
  309. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Nov;23(11):990-4 [PMID: 15545852]
  310. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 Sep;9(9):949-54 [PMID: 14616684]
  311. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1998 Mar;18(1):31-40 [PMID: 9691999]
  312. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Oct;29(10):905-9 [PMID: 20407400]
  313. Pediatrics. 2005 May;115(5):1213-9 [PMID: 15867027]
  314. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 1;48(11):1596-600 [PMID: 19400744]
  315. J Clin Microbiol. 1998 Nov;36(11):3155-9 [PMID: 9774556]
  316. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Nov;29(11):1043-6 [PMID: 20975453]
  317. Radiology. 1989 May;171(2):431-4 [PMID: 2704808]
  318. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Apr;19(4):293-8 [PMID: 10783017]
  319. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006 May;22(5):295-300 [PMID: 16714955]
  320. Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov;27(11):2537-43 [PMID: 10579277]
  321. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Dec;18(12):1081-5 [PMID: 10608629]
  322. Pediatrics. 1999 May;103(5):e63 [PMID: 10224207]
  323. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Apr 15;42(8):1135-40 [PMID: 16575731]
  324. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;15(2):346-7 [PMID: 19193293]
  325. Public Health Rep. 2009 May-Jun;124(3):427-35 [PMID: 19445419]
  326. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003 Nov;36(5):384-90 [PMID: 14520720]

MeSH Term

Child
Child, Preschool
Community-Acquired Infections
Humans
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Pneumonia
Journal Article Practice Guideline Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Article has an altmetric score of 197

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0managementguidelinesinfantschildrencommunity-acquiredpneumoniaCAPcaremedicineInfectiousDiseasesSocietyEvidenced-basedpreparedexpertpanelcomprisingcliniciansinvestigatorsrepresentingcommunitypediatricspublichealthpediatricspecialtiescriticalemergencyhospitalinfectiousdiseasespulmonologysurgeryintendeduseprimarysubspecialtyprovidersresponsibleotherwisehealthyoutpatientinpatientsettingsSite-of-carediagnosisantimicrobialadjunctivesurgicaltherapypreventiondiscussedAreaswarrantfutureinvestigationsalsohighlightedolder3monthsage:clinicalpracticePediatricAmerica

Similar Articles

Cited By