OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Gut pathogens
May 22, 2013;5 (1): 12.

Emerging importance of holobionts in evolution and in probiotics.

Yadvir Singh, Javed Ahmad, Javed Musarrat, Nasreen Z Ehtesham, Seyed E Hasnain
Author Information
  1. Yadvir Singh: Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India. seyedhasnain@gmail.com.
PMID: 23694677 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-12

Abstract

The existence of microbe free animals or plants in nature is virtually impossible as they and plants have a certain degree of symbiotic association with microbes. This symbiotic association leads to the formation of holobiont (host and its symbionts). This mutual coexistence is not merely at the physical or chemical level but also at the genetic level leading to the emergence of the concept of hologenome (gene pool of host and its associated symbionts). The abundance of symbionts with the associated gene diversity contributes to the fitness of the holobiont under varying environmental conditions. The hologenome theory of evolution considers the dynamic holobiont as a single unit for natural selection and provides a more accommodating view of evolution blending Darwinism and Lamarkism. Additionally, holobionts are providing scientific basis to our understanding of the growing importance of probiotics in human health and in disease management.

References

  1. Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1115-8 [PMID: 11352068]
  2. J Parasitol Res. 2011;2011:610769 [PMID: 21966589]
  3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 31;109(31):12734-9 [PMID: 22802646]
  4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Nov 2;101(44):15718-23 [PMID: 15505215]
  5. Arch Dis Child. 2012 Jul;97(7):610-6 [PMID: 22623615]
  6. Dig Dis. 2011;29(6):540-9 [PMID: 22179209]
  7. Helicobacter. 2010 Apr;15(2):79-87 [PMID: 20402810]
  8. Science. 2009 Feb 6;323(5915):737-41 [PMID: 19197053]
  9. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2000;54:641-79 [PMID: 11018140]
  10. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 Oct;17(5):861-76 [PMID: 14507594]
  11. J Intern Med. 2005 Jan;257(1):78-92 [PMID: 15606379]
  12. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995;49:55-94 [PMID: 8561471]
  13. J Can Dent Assoc. 2009 Oct;75(8):585-90 [PMID: 19840501]
  14. Science. 2010 Jun 25;328(5986):1705-9 [PMID: 20576892]
  15. Br J Nutr. 2011 Mar;105(5):755-64 [PMID: 20974015]
  16. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Jun;39 Suppl 3:S734-5 [PMID: 15167366]
  17. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2006 Apr;17(2):211-6 [PMID: 16459072]
  18. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2002 Feb;15(1):1-9 [PMID: 11803126]
  19. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2001 Nov;24(3):405-10 [PMID: 11822677]
  20. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1996;50:591-624 [PMID: 8905092]
  21. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012 May;24(5):405-13 [PMID: 22404222]
  22. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2009 Mar;67(3):371-80 [PMID: 19161430]
  23. Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):59-65 [PMID: 20203603]
  24. Symbiosis. 1991;11:93-101 [PMID: 11538111]
  25. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Mar 13;109(11):4197-202 [PMID: 22371593]
  26. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 May;6(5):387-94 [PMID: 18392032]
  27. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Feb 14;109(7):2184-5 [PMID: 22308481]
  28. Curr Drug Metab. 2009 Jan;10(1):68-78 [PMID: 19149514]
  29. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010 Nov-Dec;57(104):1411-5 [PMID: 21443095]
  30. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009 Mar;292(2):210-5 [PMID: 19191871]
  31. Dev Biol. 2002 Feb 1;242(1):1-14 [PMID: 11795936]
  32. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Nov 26;99(24):15451-5 [PMID: 12432102]
  33. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 May;5(5):355-62 [PMID: 17384666]
  34. Environ Microbiol. 2009 Dec;11(12):2959-62 [PMID: 19573132]
  35. J Bacteriol. 2002 Jun;184(11):2855-6 [PMID: 12003923]
  36. Gut Pathog. 2010 Jun 25;2(1):5 [PMID: 20579345]
  37. Biol Lett. 2012 Aug 23;8(4):613-5 [PMID: 22417790]
  38. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008 Aug;32(5):723-35 [PMID: 18549407]
  39. Chest. 2011 Apr;139(4):901-908 [PMID: 21467057]
  40. Proc Biol Sci. 2012 May 7;279(1734):1791-6 [PMID: 22113034]
  41. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Aug;2(8):632-42 [PMID: 15263898]
  42. J Appl Microbiol. 2007 May;102(5):1209-19 [PMID: 17448156]
  43. Asia Pac Allergy. 2011 Apr;1(1):36-42 [PMID: 22053295]
  44. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Aug 17;107(33):14691-6 [PMID: 20679230]
  45. Int J Med Microbiol. 2012 Jan;302(1):1-3 [PMID: 22000493]
  46. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008 May;6(5):349-62 [PMID: 18345021]
  47. Science. 2004 Aug 13;305(5686):997-1000 [PMID: 15310901]
  48. Immunol Invest. 2010;39(4-5):429-48 [PMID: 20450286]
  49. Biol Bull. 2001 Feb;200(1):51-8 [PMID: 11249211]
  50. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 Dec;11(18):2985-95 [PMID: 21080853]
  51. Nutrients. 2011 Feb;3(2):245-64 [PMID: 22254095]
  52. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Mar;23(3):187-92 [PMID: 21303428]
  53. Brain Behav Immun. 2008 Oct;22(7):1009-1013 [PMID: 18472394]
  54. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2004;58:143-59 [PMID: 15487933]
  55. Br J Nutr. 2010 Feb;103(4):473-8 [PMID: 19814836]
  56. Nature. 2010 Apr 8;464(7290):908-12 [PMID: 20376150]
  57. Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):837-48 [PMID: 16497592]
  58. EMBO Rep. 2006 Jul;7(7):688-93 [PMID: 16819463]
  59. Nature. 1992 Feb 6;355(6360):511-5 [PMID: 1741030]
  60. Sci Transl Med. 2009 Nov 11;1(6):6ra14 [PMID: 20368178]
  61. Environ Microbiol. 2006 Dec;8(12):2068-73 [PMID: 17107548]
  62. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28991 [PMID: 22216154]
  63. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 19;347(12):869-77 [PMID: 12239255]
  64. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Mar;72(3):2170-7 [PMID: 16517668]
  65. Cell. 2012 Aug 3;150(3):470-80 [PMID: 22863002]
  66. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1979 Oct;38(4):667-72 [PMID: 539821]
  67. Br J Dermatol. 2012 Jan;166(1):1-2 [PMID: 22212052]
  68. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 16;107(46):20051-6 [PMID: 21041648]
Journal Article
Article has an altmetric score of 20

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0holobiontsymbiontsevolutionplantssymbioticassociationhostlevelhologenomegeneassociatedholobiontsimportanceprobioticsexistencemicrobefreeanimalsnaturevirtuallyimpossiblecertaindegreemicrobesleadsformationmutualcoexistencemerelyphysicalchemicalalsogeneticleadingemergenceconceptpoolabundancediversitycontributesfitnessvaryingenvironmentalconditionstheoryconsidersdynamicsingleunitnaturalselectionprovidesaccommodatingviewblendingDarwinismLamarkismAdditionallyprovidingscientificbasisunderstandinggrowinghumanhealthdiseasemanagementEmerging

Similar Articles

Cited By