Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) as a marine functional source of gamma-tocopherol.
David Menoyo, Carmen Sanz-Bayón, Anna Hesby Nessa, Tuba Esatbeyoglu, Mohammad Faizan, Kathrin Pallauf, Nuria De Diego, Anika Eva Wagner, Ignacio Ipharraguerre, Ingunn Stubhaug, Gerald Rimbach
Author Information
David Menoyo: Department of Animal Production, Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. david.menoyo@upm.es.
Carmen Sanz-Bayón: Department of Animal Production, Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. c.sanz.bayon@gmail.com.
Anna Hesby Nessa: Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre (ARC), P.O. Box 48, N-4001 Stavanger, Norway. Anna.Hesby.Nessa@skretting.com.
Tuba Esatbeyoglu: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. esatbeyoglu@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
Mohammad Faizan: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. faizan@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
Kathrin Pallauf: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. pallauf@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
Nuria De Diego: Department of Animal Production, Technical School of Agricultural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain. ndc.agronomos@upm.es.
Anika Eva Wagner: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. wagner@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
Ignacio Ipharraguerre: Lucta, Can Parellada 28, 08170 Montornés del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain. Ignacio.Ipharraguerre@lucta.es.
Ingunn Stubhaug: Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre (ARC), P.O. Box 48, N-4001 Stavanger, Norway. Ingunn.Stubhaug@skretting.com.
Gerald Rimbach: Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 6-8, D-24118 Kiel, Germany. rimbach@foodsci.uni-kiel.de.
Gamma tocopherol (gT) exhibits beneficial cardiovascular effects partly due to its anti-inflammatory activity. Important sources of gT are vegetable oils. However, little is known to what extent gT can be transferred into marine animal species such as Atlantic salmon by feeding. Therefore, in this study we have investigated the transfer of dietary gT into salmon. To this end, fish were fed a diet supplemented with 170 ppm gT for 16 weeks whereby alpha tocopherol levels were adjusted to 190 ppm in this and the control diet. Feeding gT-rich diets resulted in a three-fold increase in gT concentrations in the liver and fillet compared to non-gT-supplemented controls. Tissue alpha tocopherol levels were not decreased indicating no antagonistic interaction between gamma- and alpha tocopherol in salmon. The concentration of total omega 3 fatty acids slightly increased in response to dietary gT. Furthermore, dietary gT significantly decreased malondialdehyde in the fillet, determined as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation. In the liver of gT fed salmon we observed an overall down-regulation of genes involved in lipid homeostasis. Additionally, gT improved the antioxidant capacity by up-regulating Gpx4a gene expression in the pyloric caeca. We suggest that Atlantic salmon may provide a marine functional source capable of enriching gT for human consumption.
