Superiority of transcriptional profiling over procalcitonin for distinguishing bacterial from viral lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized adults.
Nicolas M Suarez, Eleonora Bunsow, Ann R Falsey, Edward E Walsh, Asuncion Mejias, Octavio Ramilo
Author Information
Nicolas M Suarez: Center for Vaccines and Immunity Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.
Eleonora Bunsow: Center for Vaccines and Immunity Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.
Ann R Falsey: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Rochester General Hospital, New York.
Edward E Walsh: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Rochester General Hospital, New York.
Asuncion Mejias: Center for Vaccines and Immunity Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.
Octavio Ramilo: Center for Vaccines and Immunity Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus.
BACKGROUND: Distinguishing between bacterial and viral lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) remains challenging. Transcriptional profiling is a promising tool for improving diagnosis in LRTI. METHODS: We performed whole blood transcriptional analysis in 118 patients (median age [interquartile range], 61 [50-76] years) hospitalized with LRTI and 40 age-matched healthy controls (median age, 60 [46-70] years). We applied class comparisons, modular analysis, and class prediction algorithms to identify and validate diagnostic biosignatures for bacterial and viral LRTI. RESULTS: Patients were classified as having bacterial (n = 22), viral (n = 71), or bacterial-viral LRTI (n = 25) based on comprehensive microbiologic testing. Compared with healthy controls, statistical group comparisons (P < .01; multiple-test corrections) identified 3376 differentially expressed genes in patients with bacterial LRTI, 2391 in viral LRTI, and 2628 in bacterial-viral LRTI. Patients with bacterial LRTI showed significant overexpression of inflammation and neutrophil genes (bacterial > bacterial-viral > viral), and those with viral LRTI displayed significantly greater overexpression of interferon genes (viral > bacterial-viral > bacterial). The K-nearest neighbors algorithm identified 10 classifier genes that discriminated between bacterial and viral LRTI with a 95% sensitivity (95% confidence interval, 77%-100%) and 92% specificity (77%-98%), compared with a sensitivity of 38% (18%-62%) and a specificity of 91% (76%-98%) for procalcitonin. CONCLUSIONS: Transcriptional profiling is a helpful tool for diagnosis of LRTI.
