Ocean acidification effects on mesozooplankton community development: Results from a long-term mesocosm experiment.
María Algueró-Muñiz, Santiago Alvarez-Fernandez, Peter Thor, Lennart T Bach, Mario Esposito, Henriette G Horn, Ursula Ecker, Julia A F Langer, Jan Taucher, Arne M Malzahn, Ulf Riebesell, Maarten Boersma
Author Information
María Algueró-Muñiz: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
Santiago Alvarez-Fernandez: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
Peter Thor: Norwegian Polar Institute, Framcentre, Tromsø, Norway.
Lennart T Bach: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Mario Esposito: National Oceanography Centre (NOC) University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
Henriette G Horn: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
Ursula Ecker: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
Julia A F Langer: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
Jan Taucher: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Arne M Malzahn: Sintef Ocean AS, Marine Resource Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Ulf Riebesell: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Maarten Boersma: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany.
Ocean acidification may affect zooplankton directly by decreasing in pH, as well as indirectly via trophic pathways, where changes in carbon availability or pH effects on primary producers may cascade up the food web thereby altering ecosystem functioning and community composition. Here, we present results from a mesocosm experiment carried out during 113 days in the Gullmar Fjord, Skagerrak coast of Sweden, studying plankton responses to predicted end-of-century pCO2 levels. We did not observe any pCO2 effect on the diversity of the mesozooplankton community, but a positive pCO2 effect on the total mesozooplankton abundance. Furthermore, we observed species-specific sensitivities to pCO2 in the two major groups in this experiment, copepods and hydromedusae. Also stage-specific pCO2 sensitivities were detected in copepods, with copepodites being the most responsive stage. Focusing on the most abundant species, Pseudocalanus acuspes, we observed that copepodites were significantly more abundant in the high-pCO2 treatment during most of the experiment, probably fuelled by phytoplankton community responses to high-pCO2 conditions. Physiological and reproductive output was analysed on P. acuspes females through two additional laboratory experiments, showing no pCO2 effect on females' condition nor on egg hatching. Overall, our results suggest that the Gullmar Fjord mesozooplankton community structure is not expected to change much under realistic end-of-century OA scenarios as used here. However, the positive pCO2 effect detected on mesozooplankton abundance could potentially affect biomass transfer to higher trophic levels in the future.
