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Frontiers in psychology
2017;8 1263.

Oxygen Toxicity and Special Operations Forces Diving: Hidden and Dangerous.

Thijs T Wingelaar, Pieter-Jan A M van Ooij, Rob A van Hulst
Author Information
  1. Thijs T Wingelaar: Diving Medical Center, Royal Netherlands NavyDen Helder, Netherlands.
  2. Pieter-Jan A M van Ooij: Diving Medical Center, Royal Netherlands NavyDen Helder, Netherlands.
  3. Rob A van Hulst: Department of Anaesthesiology, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdam, Netherlands.
PMID: 28790955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01263

Abstract

In Special Operations Forces (SOF) closed-circuit rebreathers with 100% oxygen are commonly utilized for covert diving operations. Exposure to high partial pressures of oxygen (PO) could cause damage to the central nervous system (CNS) and pulmonary system. Longer exposure time and higher PO leads to faster development of more serious pathology. Exposure to a PO above 1.4 ATA can cause CNS toxicity, leading to a wide range of neurologic complaints including convulsions. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity develops over time when exposed to a PO above 0.5 ATA and can lead to inflammation and fibrosis of lung tissue. Oxygen can also be toxic for the ocular system and may have systemic effects on the inflammatory system. Moreover, some of the effects of oxygen toxicity are irreversible. This paper describes the pathophysiology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, risk factors and prediction models of oxygen toxicity, and their limitations on SOF diving.

Keywords

CNS-toxicity closed-circuit rebreather diving oxygen toxicity pulmonary toxicity

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