Burden and trend of diet-related non-communicable diseases in Australia and comparison with 34 OECD countries, 1990-2015: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
Yohannes Adama Melaku, Andre Renzaho, Tiffany K Gill, Anne W Taylor, Eleonora Dal Grande, Barbora de Courten, Estifanos Baye, David Gonzalez-Chica, Elina Hyppӧnen, Zumin Shi, Malcolm Riley, Robert Adams, Yohannes Kinfu
Author Information
Yohannes Adama Melaku: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. adamayohannes@gmail.com. ORCID
Andre Renzaho: School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Tiffany K Gill: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Anne W Taylor: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Eleonora Dal Grande: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Barbora de Courten: Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
Estifanos Baye: Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
David Gonzalez-Chica: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Elina Hyppӧnen: Centre for Population Health Research, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Zumin Shi: Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Malcolm Riley: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Robert Adams: Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Yohannes Kinfu: Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.
BACKGROUND: Diet is a major determining factor for many non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs). However, evidence on diet-related NCD burden remains limited. We assessed the trends in diet-related NCDs in Australia from 1990 to 2015 and compared the results with other countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). METHODS: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study to estimate the NCD mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to 14 dietary risk factors in Australia and 34 OECD nations. Countries were further ranked from the lowest (first) to highest (35th) burden using an age-standardized population attributable fraction (PAF). RESULTS: In 2015, the estimated number of deaths attributable to dietary risks was 29,414 deaths [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 24,697 - 34,058 or 19.7% of NCD deaths] and 443,385 DALYs (95% UI 377,680-511,388 or 9.5% of NCD DALYs) in Australia. Young (25-49 years) and middle-age (50-69 years) male adults had a higher PAF of diet-related NCD deaths and DALYs than their female counterparts. Diets low in fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds and whole grains, but high in sodium, were the major contributors to both NCD deaths and DALYs. Overall, 42.3% of cardiovascular deaths were attributable to dietary risk factors. The age-standardized PAF of diet-related NCD mortality and DALYs decreased over the study period by 28.2% (from 27.0% in 1990 to 19.4% in 2015) and 41.0% (from 14.3% in 1990 to 8.4% in 2015), respectively. In 2015, Australia ranked 12th of 35 examined countries in diet-related mortality. A small improvement of rank was recorded compared to the previous 25 years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a reduction in diet-related NCD burden over 25 years, dietary risks are still the major contributors to a high burden of NCDs in Australia. Interventions targeting NCDs should focus on dietary behaviours of individuals and population groups.
