New Method for Simultaneous Determination of Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin in Vegetable Matrices by SPE-UPLC-MS/MS.
Leticia Díez-Quijada, Remedios Guzmán-Guillén, Ana I Prieto Ortega, María Llana-Ruíz-Cabello, Alexandre Campos, Vítor Vasconcelos, Ángeles Jos, Ana M Cameán
Author Information
Leticia Díez-Quijada: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. ldiezquijada@us.es.
Remedios Guzmán-Guillén: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. rguzman1@us.es. ORCID
Ana I Prieto Ortega: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. anaprieto@us.es.
María Llana-Ruíz-Cabello: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. mllana@us.es.
Alexandre Campos: CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de leixões, Av General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal. amoclclix@gmail.com.
Vítor Vasconcelos: CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de leixões, Av General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal. vmvascon@fc.up.pt. ORCID
Ángeles Jos: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. angelesjos@us.es.
Ana M Cameán: Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. camean@us.es. ORCID
Cyanotoxins are a large group of noxious metabolites with different chemical structure and mechanisms of action, with a worldwide distribution, producing effects in animals, humans, and crop plants. When cyanotoxin-contaminated waters are used for the irrigation of edible vegetables, humans can be in contact with these toxins through the food chain. In this work, a method for the simultaneous detection of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR), and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in lettuce has been optimized and validated, using a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) system for toxin extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for analysis. Results showed linear ranges (5⁻50 ng g f.w.), low values for limit of detection (LOD) (0.06⁻0.42 ng g f.w.), and limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.16⁻0.91 ng g f.w.), acceptable recoveries (41⁻93%), and %RSD values for the four toxins. The method proved to be robust for the three variables tested. Finally, it was successfully applied to detect these cyanotoxins in edible vegetables exposed to cyanobacterial extracts under laboratory conditions, and it could be useful for monitoring these toxins in edible vegetables for better exposure estimation in terms of risk assessment.
