Ten Years of 2D Longitudinal Strain for Early Myocardial Dysfunction Detection: A Clinical Overview.
Concetta Zito, Luca Longobardo, Rodolfo Citro, Maurizio Galderisi, Lilia Oreto, Maria Ludovica Carerj, Roberta Manganaro, Maurizio Cusmà-Piccione, Maria Chiara Todaro, Gianluca Di Bella, Egidio Imbalzano, Bijoy K Khandheria, Scipione Carerj
Author Information
Concetta Zito: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Luca Longobardo: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Rodolfo Citro: Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital, San Giovanni di Dio, Salerno, Italy.
Maurizio Galderisi: Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy.
Lilia Oreto: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Maria Ludovica Carerj: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Roberta Manganaro: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Maurizio Cusmà-Piccione: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Maria Chiara Todaro: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Gianluca Di Bella: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Egidio Imbalzano: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Bijoy K Khandheria: Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Marcus Family Fund for Echocardiography (ECHO) Research and Education, Milwaukee, WI, USA. ORCID
Scipione Carerj: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
In recent years, the role of left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) as the gold standard parameter for the evaluation of systolic function has been questioned, and many efforts have been concentrated in the clinical validation of new noninvasive tools for the study of myocardial contractility. Improvement in the accuracy of speckle-tracking echocardiography has resulted in a large amount of research showing the ability of two-dimensional strain to overcome EF limitations in the majority of primary and secondary heart diseases. Currently, global longitudinal strain (GLS) is considered the most accurate and sensitive parameter for the assessment of early left ventricular dysfunction. This review summarizes the advantages that this measurement can provide in several clinical settings. Moreover, the important cautions that should be considered in making the choice to use GLS also are addressed. Finally, a special focus on bull's-eye polar maps for the assessment of regional changes of longitudinal function and the usefulness of these maps in the differential diagnosis of several diseases is provided.
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