Nucleic acid-based ratiometric electrochemiluminescent, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors: a review.
Zhenhao Wang, Renzhong Yu, Hui Zeng, Xinxing Wang, Shizong Luo, Weihua Li, Xiliang Luo, Tao Yang
Author Information
Zhenhao Wang: School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China.
Renzhong Yu: Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
Hui Zeng: School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China.
Xinxing Wang: Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
Shizong Luo: Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
Weihua Li: School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China. ytlwh666@163.com.
Xiliang Luo: Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China. xiliangluo@qust.edu.cn.
Tao Yang: School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering (Guangdong, Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, China. yangtao25@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
The demand of precise assay of nucleic acids and other bioanalytes has been increasing enormously in various areas including point-of-care diagnostics, military, environmental monitoring and so on. Compared with other nucleic acid biosensors, the electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors possess a range of merits like amenable miniaturization, low costs and high sensitivity. Ratiometric electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors can overcome the inherent systematic errors of conventional electrochemical biosensors and enhance the reproducibility and credibility. This short review (with 81 refs.) summarizes the evolvements made in the area of nucleic acid-based biosensors based on ratiometric (electrochemiluminescent, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical) readout in the past few years. Many of the methods discussed here are based on the use of advanced nanomaterials such as quantum dots, graphitic carbon nitrides, graphene oxide, C-dots, gold nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, and respective nanohybrids. Three sections (on electrochemiluminescence, classical electrochemical and emerging photoelectrochemical systems) demonstrate the merits of ratiometric assays in various applications. The review ends with a section with conclusions and a discussion of future perspectives. Graphical abstract Ratiometric sensing strategies overcome the intrinsic systematic errors of conventional electrochemical sensors that suffer from environmental and personal factors, and thus leads to remarkably enhanced reproducibility and reliability.
