OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience

Orbital Myositis: A Comprehensive Review and Reclassification.

Abstract

References

1. Lacey B, Chang W, Rootman J. Nonthyroid causes of extraocular muscle disease. Surv Ophthalmol 1999;44:187–213.
2. Eade EL, Hardy TG, McKelvie PA, et al. Review of extraocular muscle biopsies and utility of biopsy in extraocular muscle enlargement. Br J Ophthalmol 2018;102:1586–90.
3. Fraser CL, Skalicky SE, Gurbaxani A, et al. Ocular myositis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013;13:315–21.
4. Schoser BG. Ocular myositis: diagnostic assessment, differential diagnoses, and therapy of a rare muscle disease - five new cases and review. Clin Ophthalmol 2007;1:37–42.
5. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT; Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:509–16.
6. Trusko B, Thorne J, Jabs D, et al.; Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Project. The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Project. Development of a clinical evidence base utilizing informatics tools and techniques. Methods Inf Med 2013;52:259–65, S16.
7. Choi RY, Rivera-Grana E, Rosenbaum JT. Reclassifying idiopathic uveitis: lessons from a tertiary uveitis center. Am J Ophthalmol 2019;198:193–9.
8. Scott IU, Siatkowski RM. Idiopathic orbital myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1997;9:504–12.
9. Siatkowski RM, Capó H, Byrne SF, et al. Clinical and echographic findings in idiopathic orbital myositis. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:343–50.
10. Yan J, Wu P. Idiopathic orbital myositis. J Craniofac Surg 2014;25:884–7.
11. Moorman CM, Elston JS. Acute orbital myositis. Eye (Lond) 1995;9 (pt 1):96–101.
12. Stidham DB, Sondhi N, Plager D, et al. Presumed isolated inflammation of the superior oblique muscle in idiopathic orbital myositis. Ophthalmology 1998;105:2216–9.
13. Kau HC, Kao SC, Peng CH, et al. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy in patient with isolated superior oblique myositis. Eye (Lond) 2006;20:1106–9.
14. Lahoud S, Brownstein S, Barsoum-Homsy M. Inferior oblique myositis presenting as superior oblique muscle palsy. Can J Ophthalmol 1988;23:124–7.
15. Badilla J, Dolman PJ. Orbital myositis involving the oblique muscles associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2007;23:411–3.
16. Wan WL, Cano MR, Green RL. Orbital myositis involving the oblique muscles. An echographic study. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1522–8.
17. Rice CD, Gray LD. Isolated levator myositis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;4:167–70.
18. Wheatcroft S, Elston J. Unilateral ptosis due to isolated involvement of the levator muscle in acute orbital myositis. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:631–2.
19. Almekhlafi MA, Fletcher WA. Levator palpebrae myositis. Neurology 2008;71:1202.
20. Court JH, Janicek D. Acute unilateral isolated ptosis. BMJ Case Rep 2015;2015. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014–207720. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014–207720]
21. Rasiah S, Hardy TG, Elder JE, et al. Etiology of pediatric acquired blepharoptosis. J AAPOS 2017;21:485–7.
22. Mombaerts I, Koornneef L. Current status in the treatment of orbital myositis. Ophthalmology 1997;104:402–8.
23. Mannor GE, Rose GE, Moseley IF, et al. Outcome of orbital myositis. Clinical features associated with recurrence. Ophthalmology 1997;104:409–13; discussion, 414.
24. Garrity JA, Coleman AW, Matteson EL, et al. Treatment of recalcitrant idiopathic orbital inflammation (chronic orbital myositis) with infliximab. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138:925–30.
25. Sogabe Y, Ohshima K, Azumi A, et al. Location and frequency of lesions in patients with IgG4-related ophthalmic diseases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014;252:531–8.
26. Wallace ZS, Deshpande V, Stone JH. Ophthalmic manifestations of IgG4-related disease: single-center experience and literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2014;43:806–17.
27. Ebbo M, Patient M, Grados A, et al. Ophthalmic manifestations in IgG4-related disease: clinical presentation and response to treatment in a French case-series. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e6205.
28. Weinstein GS, Dresner SC, Slamovits TL, et al. Acute and subacute orbital myositis. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96:209–17.
29. Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976;55:401–12.
30. Young RS, Hodes BL, Cruse RP, et al. Orbital pseudotumor and Crohn disease. J Pediatr 1981;99:250–2.
31. Camfield PR, White M, Warner HA, et al. Orbital pseudotumor and Crohn disease. J Pediatr 1982;101:157–8.
32. Verbraeken H, Ryckaert S, Demets W. Pseudotumor of the orbit and Crohn’s disease. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 1984;210:65–72.
33. Weinstein JM, Koch K, Lane S. Orbital pseudotumor in Crohn’s colitis. Ann Ophthalmol 1984;16:275–8.
34. Squires RH Jr, Zwiener RJ, Kennedy RH. Orbital myositis and Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992;15:448–51.
35. Smith JW. Orbital pseudotumor and Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:405–6.
36. Durno CA, Ehrlich R, Taylor R, et al. Keeping an eye on Crohn’s disease: orbital myositis as the presenting symptom. Can J Gastroenterol 1997;11:497–500.
37. Jain S, Gottlob I. Orbital myositis associated with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:3442–4.
38. Maalouf T, Angioï K, George JL. Recurrent orbital myositis and Crohn’s disease. Orbit 2001;20:75–80.
39. Macarez R, Bazin S, Weber F, et al. [Orbital myositis associated with ulcerative colitis]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2005;28:610–3.
40. Leibovitch I, Galanopoulos A, Selva D. Suppurative granulomatous myositis of an extra-ocular muscle in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2136–7.
41. Ramalho J, Castillo M. Imaging of orbital myositis in Crohn’s disease. Clin Imaging 2008;32:227–9.
42. Culver EL, Salmon JF, Frith P, et al. Recurrent posterior scleritis and orbital myositis as extra-intestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease: case report and systematic literature review. J Crohns Colitis 2008;2:337–42.
43. Cheng S, Vu P. Recurrent orbital myositis with radiological feature mimicking thyroid eye disease in a patient with Crohn’s disease. Orbit 2009;28:368–70.
44. Bourikas LA, Roussomoustakaki M, Papadaki E, et al. A case of orbital myositis preceding the intestinal symptoms of Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2010;4:349–50.
45. Hernández-Garfella ML, Gracia-García A, Cervera-Taulet E, et al. Adalimumab for recurrent orbital myositis in Crohn’s disease: report of a case with a 3-year follow-up. J Crohns Colitis 2011;5:265–6.
46. Bennion J, Harris MA, Sivak-Callcott JA, et al. Bilateral diffuse orbital myositis in a patient with relapsing ulcerative colitis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;28:e119–20.
47. Kondolot M, Unal E, Poyrazoglu G, et al. Orbital myositis associated with focal active colitis in a teenage girl. Childs Nerv Syst 2012;28:641–3.
48. Pimentel R, Lago P, Pedroto I. Recurrent orbital myositis as an extra-intestinal manifestation of Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6:958–9.
49. Verma S, Kroeker KI, Fedorak RN. Adalimumab for orbital myositis in a patient with Crohn’s disease who discontinued infliximab: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Gastroenterol 2013;13:59.
50. Zenone T. Orbital myositis and Crohn’s disease. Int J Rheum Dis 2014;17:481–2.
51. Biotti D, Toulemonde P, Brassat D, et al. Teaching neuroimages: painful diplopia and Crohn disease. Neurology 2016;16:e68–9.
52. Önder Ö, Bilgin RR, Köşkderelioğlu A, et al. Orbital myositis: evaluating five new cases regarding clinical and radiological features. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2016;53:173–7.
53. Vargason CW, Mawn LA. Orbital myositis as both a presenting and associated extraintestinal sign of Crohn’s disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;33(3S suppl 1):158–60.
54. Patrinely JR, Osborn AG, Anderson RL, et al. Computed tomographic features of nonthyroid extraocular muscle enlargement. Ophthalmology 1989;96:1038–47.
55. Stannard K, Spalton DJ. Sarcoidosis with infiltration of the external ocular muscles. Br J Ophthalmol 1985;69:562–6.
56. Cornblath WT, Elner V, Rolfe M. Extraocular muscle involvement in sarcoidosis. Ophthalmology 1993;100:501–5.
57. Patel AS, Kelman SE, Duncan GW, et al. Painless diplopia caused by extraocular muscle sarcoid. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:879–80.
58. Brooks SE, Sangueza OP, Field RS. Extraocular muscle involvement in sarcoidosis: a clinicopathologic report. J AAPOS 1997;1:125–8.
59. Simon EM, Zoarski GH, Rothman MI, et al. Systemic sarcoidosis with bilateral orbital involvement: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:336–7.
60. Biswas J, Krishnakumar S, Raghavendran R, et al. Lid swelling and diplopia as presenting features of orbital sarcoid. Indian J Ophthalmol 2000;48:231–3.
61. Menon GJ, Hollman AS, Dutton GN. Granulomatous orbital myositis. Eye (Lond) 2000;14 (pt 4):676–8.
62. Takahashi T, Fujita N, Takeda K, et al. [A case of sarcoid myopaty with external ocular muscle involvement–diagnosis and follow-up study with 99mTc pyrophosphate scintigraphy]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2000;40:145–8.
63. Hayashi E, Niwa A, Narita Y, et al. [A case of sarcoidosis with simultaneous involvement of the lower brainstem and the whole cervical cord and the extraocular muscles]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2001;41:314–7.
64. So WL, Hardy TG, McKelvie P. Atypical clinical presentation of isolated extraocular muscle sarcoid. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2012;2012:370258.
65. Hayashi Y, Ishii Y, Nagasawa J, et al. Subacute sarcoid myositis with ocular muscle involvement; a case report and review of the literature. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2016;33:297–301.
66. Kim JS, Scawn RL, Lee BW, et al. Masquerading orbital sarcoidosis with isolated extraocular muscle involvement. Open Ophthalmol J 2016;10:140–5.
67. Sah BP, Sharma B, Iannuzzi MC. Isolated extraocular orbital mass: a rare presentation of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2016;33:302–4.
68. Grimson BS, Simons KB. Orbital inflammation, myositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:736–8.
69. Serop S, Vianna RN, Claeys M, et al. Orbital myositis secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1994;72:520–3.
70. Santosa A, Vasoo S. Orbital myositis as manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus–a case report. Postgrad Med J 2013;89:59.
71. Jenkins PO, Soper C, MacKinnon AD, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as orbital myositis. Neuroophthalmology 2014;38:264–7.
72. Rico M, Díaz-López JB, Peña J, et al. Latent orbital pseudotumor secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Case Rep 2016;4:1065–7.
73. Arrico L, Abbouda A, Bianchi S, et al. Acute monolateral proptosis and orbital myositis in a patient with discoid lupus erythematosus: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2014;8:375.
74. Kono S, Takashima H, Suzuki D, et al. Orbital myositis associated with discoid lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2014;23:220–2.
75. Klein BR, Hedges TR III, Dayal Y, et al. Orbital myositis and giant cell myocarditis. Neurology 1989;39:988–90.
76. Kattah JC, Zimmerman LE, Kolsky MP, et al. Bilateral orbital involvement in fatal giant cell polymyositis. Ophthalmology 1990;97:520–5.
77. Leib ML, Odel JG, Cooney MJ. Orbital polymyositis and giant cell myocarditis. Ophthalmology 1994;101:950–4.
78. Stevens AW, Grossman ME, Barr ML. Orbital myositis, vitiligo, and giant cell myocarditis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35(2 pt 2):310–2.
79. Kollmeier M, Brodhun M, Sliwka U, et al. [Diplopia and cardiogenic shock]. Nervenarzt 2006;77:187–8, 901.
80. Lind-Ayres MR, Abramowsky C, Mahle WT. Pediatric giant cell myocarditis and orbital myositis. Pediatr Cardiol 2009;30:510–2.
81. Ali MS, Mba BI, Husain AN, Cifci FD. Giant cell myocarditis: a life threatening disorder heralded by orbital myositis. BMJ Case Rep 2016;2016. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015–213759. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015–213759]
82. Garg V, Tan W, Ardehali R, et al. Giant cell myocarditis masquerading as orbital myositis with a rapid, fulminant course necessitating mechanical support and heart transplantation. ESC Heart Fail 2017;4:371–5.
83. Kwon OH, Kim MN, Kim SA, et al. Fulminant lymphocytic myocarditis associated with orbital myositis and diaphragmatic paralysis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016;25:55–8.
84. Purcell JJ Jr, Taulbee WA. Orbital myositis after upper respiratory tract infection. Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:437–8.
85. Culligan B. Orbital myositis following streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric patient. Optometry 2005;76:250–8.
86. Alshaikh M, Kakakios AM, Kemp AS. Orbital myositis following streptococcal pharyngitis. J Paediatr Child Health 2008;44:233–4.
87. Belanger C, Zhang KS, Reddy AK, et al. Inflammatory disorders of the orbit in childhood: a case series. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;150:460–3.
88. Rabina G, Leibovitch I, Abumanhal M, et al. Orbital inflammatory syndrome post Group A streptococcal infection - case series and review of literature. Ocular Immunol Inflamm 2019;27:162–167. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1367408. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1367408]
89. Panfilio CB, Hernández-Cossio O, Hernández-Fustes OJ. Orbital myositis and rheumatoid arthritis: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2000;58:174–7.
90. Nabili S, McCarey DW, Browne B, et al. A case of orbital myositis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:938–9.
91. Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Carletto A, et al. Orbital myositis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient during etanercept treatment. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:136–7.
92. Couderc M, Mathieu S, Tournadre A, et al. Acute ocular myositis occurring under etanercept for rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2014;81:445–6.
93. Takanashi T, Uchida S, Arita M, et al. Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and ischemic vasculitis in Churg-Strauss syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1129–33.
94. Billing K, Malhotra R, Selva D, et al. Orbital myositis in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:393–6.
95. Fujii T, Norizuki M, Kobayashi T, et al. A case of eosinophilic orbital myositis associated with CSS. Mod Rheumatol 2010;20:196–9.
96. Pradeep TG, Prabhakaran VC, McNab A, et al. Diffuse bilateral orbital inflammation in Churg- Strauss syndrome. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;26:57–9.
97. Roh JH, Koh SB, Kim JH. Orbital myositis in Behçet’s disease: a case report with MRI findings. Eur Neurol 2006;56:44–5.
98. Bouomrani S, Farah A, Bouassida N, et al. [Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor with optic neuritis in Behçet’s disease]. J Fr Ophtalmol 2012;35:439.e1–6.
99. Chebbi W, Jerbi S, Ammari W, et al. Orbital myositis in Behçet’s disease. Joint Bone Spine 2014;81:264.
100. Dursun D, Akova Y, Yücel E. Myositis and scleritis associated with Behcet’s disease: an atypical presentation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2004;12:329–32.
101. Ismailova DS, Abramova JV, Novikov PI, et al. Clinical features of different orbital manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018;256:1751–6.
102. Salam A, Meligonis G, Malhotra R. Superior oblique myositis as an early feature of orbital Wegener’s granulomatosis. Orbit 2008;27:203–6.
103. Thorne JE, Volpe NJ, Liu GT. Magnetic resonance imaging of acquired Brown syndrome in a patient with psoriasis. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:233–5.
104. Ajitsaria R, Dale R, Ferguson V, et al. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthropathy and relapsing orbital myositis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:274–5.
105. Ssi-Yan-Kai I, Pearson A. Orbital myositis and psoriatic arthritis. Can J Ophthalmol 2012;47:e42–3.
106. Danlos FX, Daoued F, Seror R, et al. Orbital myositis and primary Sjögren syndrome. J Rheumatol 2015;42:1536–7.
107. Moon JS, Shin SY. Superior oblique myositis causing acquired Brown’s syndrome as the first manifestation of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2018;36 (suppl 112):237–8.
108. Kokotis P, Theodossiadis P, Bouros C, et al. Bilateral ocular myositis as a late complication of dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:379–81.
109. Younes M, Béjia I, Moussa A, et al. [Oculomotor muscles involvement revealing dermatomyositis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. Rev Med Interne 2004;25:829–32.
110. Sachdeva A, Kramer N, Rosenstein ED. Orbital inflammatory disease: unusual presentation of enthesitis in an HLA-B27 spondyloarthropathy. Ocular Immunol Inflamm 2012;20:468–70.
111. Arnett FC, Michels RG. Inflammatory ocular myopathy in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A case report and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1973;132:740–3.
112. Roulez FM, Dangoisse C, Dufour D, et al. Orbital myositis in a child with linear scleroderma en coup de sabre. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2007;44:264–6.
113. Kim DH, Kim HS. Recurrent orbital myositis in undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Joint Bone Spine 2013;80:110–1.
114. Cerman E, Esen F, Eraslan M, et al. Orbital myositis associated with celiac disease. Int Ophthalmol 2014;34:635–8.
115. Magrini L, Rotiroti G, Conti F, et al. Orbital myositis in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis: successful treatment with methotrexate and corticosteroids. Isr Med Assoc J 2003;5:825–6.
116. Lin H, Burton EM, Felz MW. Orbital myositis due to Kawasaki’s disease. Pediatr Radiol 1999;29:634–6.
117. Takeuchi A, Taguchi M, Satoh Y, et al. Bilateral orbital inflammation following intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2012;56:187–9.
118. Na S, Kim T. Orbital myositis as a manifestation of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Neurol Sci 2018;39:785–7.
119. Yao Q, Ruggieri P, Lowder C. Ocular myositis occurring with NOD2-associated autoinflammatory disease. J Rheumatol 2013;40:1768–9.
120. McNab AA, McKelvie P. IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. Part I: background and pathology. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;31:83–8.
121. McNab AA, McKelvie P. IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. Part II: clinical aspects. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;31:167–78.
122. Hardy TG, McNab AA, Rose GE. Enlargement of the infraorbital nerve: an important sign associated with orbital reactive lymphoid hyperplasia or immunoglobulin g4-related disease. Ophthalmology 2014;121:1297–303.
123. Kim N, Yang HK, Kim JH, et al. IgG4-related ophthalmic disease involving extraocular muscles: case series. BMC Ophthalmol 2018;18:162.
124. Cooper LT Jr, Berry GJ, Shabetai R. Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis–natural history and treatment. Multicenter Giant Cell Myocarditis Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1860–6.
125. Curragh DS, McAvoy CE, Rooney M, et al. Post-streptococcal uveitis syndrome in a Caucasian population: a case series. Eye (Lond) 2019;33:380–4.
126. Casteels I, De Bleecker C, Demaerel P, et al. Orbital myositis following an upper respiratory tract infection: contribution of high resolution CT and MRI. J Belge Radiol 1991;74:45–7.
127. Slavin ML, Glaser JS. Idiopathic orbital myositis: report of six cases. Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100:1261–5.
128. Hankey GJ, Silbert PL, Edis RH, et al. Orbital myositis: a study of six cases. Aust N Z J Med 1987;17:585–91.
129. Volpe NJ, Shore JW. Orbital myositis associated with herpes zoster. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:471–2.
130. Kawasaki A, Borruat FX. An unusual presentation of herpes zoster ophthalmicus: orbital myositis preceding vesicular eruption. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:574–5.
131. Krasnianski M, Sievert M, Bau V, et al. External ophthalmoplegia due to ocular myositis in a patient with ophthalmic herpes zoster. Neuromuscul Disord 2004;14:438–41.
132. Tseng YH. Acute orbital myositis heralding herpes zoster ophthalmicus: report of a case. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2008;17:47–9.
133. Kim HT, Moon SY, Lee KH. Acute orbital myositis before herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Korean J Anesthesiol 2012;62:295–6.
134. Paraskevas GP, Anagnostou E, Vassilopoulou, Spengos K. Painful ophthalmoplegia with simultaneous orbital myositis, optic and oculomotor nerve inflammation and trigeminal nucleus involvement in a patient with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. BMJ Case Rep 2012;2012. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2012–007063. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012–007063]
135. Patheja RS, Weaver T, Morris S. Unique case of orbital myositis and dacryoadenitis preceding the vesicular rash of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016;44:138–40.
136. Temnogorod J, Pointdujour-Lim R, Mancini R, et al. Acute orbital syndrome in herpes zoster ophthalmicus: clinical features of 7 cases. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;33:173–7.
137. Conrady CD, Feist RM Jr, Crum A. Shingles as the underlying cause of orbital myositis in an adolescent: a case report. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2017;5:111–3.
138. Loubet A, Vendrell JF, Macri F, et al. Orbital myositis: a rare complication of ophthalmic herpes zoster. Diagn Interv Imaging 2017;98:79–81.
139. Daswani M, Bhosale N, Shah VM. Rare case of herpes zoster ophthalmicus with orbital myositis, oculomotor nerve palsy and anterior uveitis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2017;83:365–7.
140. Bak E, Kim N, Khwarg SI, et al. Case series: herpes zoster ophthalmicus with acute orbital inflammation. Optom Vis Sci 2018;95:405–10.
141. Chiang E, Bajric J, Harris GJ. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus with orbital findings preceding skin rash. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2018;34:e113–5.
142. Seidenberg KB, Leib ML. Orbital myositis with Lyme disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;109:13–6.
143. Fatterpekar GM, Gottesman RI, Sacher M, et al. Orbital Lyme disease: MR imaging before and after treatment: case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:657–9.
144. Carvounis PE, Mehta AP, Geist CE. Orbital myositis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) infection. Ophthalmology 2004;111:1023–8.
145. Holak H, Holak N, Huzarska M, et al. Tick inoculation in an eyelid region: report on five cases with one complication of the orbital myositis associated with Lyme borreliosis. Klin Oczna 2006;108:220–4.
146. Pendse S, Bilyk JR, Lee MS. The ticking time bomb. Surv Ophthalmol 2006;51:274–9.
147. Nieto JC, Kim N, Lucarelli MJ. Dacryoadenitis and orbital myositis associated with Lyme disease. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:1165–6.
148. Sauer A, Speeg-Schatz C, Hansmann Y. Two cases of orbital myositis as a rare feature of Lyme borreliosis. Case Rep Infect Dis 2011;2011:372470.
149. Orssaud C, Poisson M, Gardeur D. [Orbital myositis, recurrence of Whipple’s disease]. J Fr Ophtalmol 1992;15:205–8.
150. Huerva V, Espinet R, Galindo C. Recurrent orbital inflammation and Whipple disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2008;16:37–9.
151. Kim JH, Lee SJ, Kim M. External ophthalmoplegia with orbital myositis in an adult patient after chickenpox infection. BMJ Case Rep 2014;2014. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013–202415. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013–202415]
152. Gil P, Gil J, Paiva C, et al. Medical and surgical treatment in pediatric orbital myositis associated with Coxsackie Virus. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2015;2015:917275.
153. Rath S, Honavar SG, Naik M, et al. Orbital cysticercosis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and outcome. Ophthalmology 2010;117:600–5, 605.e1.
154. Min L, Vaidya A, Becker C. Thyroid autoimmunity and ophthalmopathy related to melanoma biological therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:303–7.
155. Borodic G, Hinkle DM, Cia Y. Drug-induced graves disease from CTLA-4 receptor suppression. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;27:e87–8.
156. Lecouflet M, Verschoore M, Giard C, et al. [Orbital myositis associated with ipilimumab]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013;140:448–51.
157. McElnea E, Ní Mhéalóid A, Moran S, et al. Thyroid-like ophthalmopathy in a euthyroid patient receiving Ipilimumab. Orbit 2014;33:424–7.
158. Sohrab MA, Desai RU, Chambers CB, et al. Re: “Drug-induced Graves disease from CTLA-4 receptor suppression”. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2013;29:239–40.
159. Henderson AD, Thomas DA. A case report of orbital inflammatory syndrome secondary to ipilimumab. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;31:e68–70.
160. Papavasileiou E, Prasad S, Freitag SK, et al. Ipilimumab-induced ocular and orbital inflammation–a case series and review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016;24:140–6.
161. Pushkarevskaya A, Neuberger U, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, et al. Severe ocular myositis after ipilimumab treatment for melanoma: a report of 2 cases. J Immunother 2017;40:282–5.
162. Sheldon CA, Kharlip J, Tamhankar MA. Inflammatory orbitopathy associated with ipilimumab. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2017;33(3S suppl 1):155–8.
163. Alnabulsi R, Hussain A, DeAngelis D. Complete ophthalmoplegia in Ipilmumab and Nivolumab combination treatment for metastatic melanoma. Orbit 2018;37:381–4.
164. Sagiv O, Kandl TJ, Thakar SD, et al. Extraocular muscle enlargement and thyroid eye disease-like orbital inflammation associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019;35:50–2.
165. Daniels GH, Vladic A, Brinar V, et al. Alemtuzumab-related thyroid dysfunction in a phase 2 trial of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:80–9.
166. Tsourdi E, Gruber M, Rauner M, et al. Graves’ disease after treatment with alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis. Hormones (Athens) 2015;14:148–53.
167. Trinh T, Haridas AS, Sullivan TJ. Ocular findings in alemtuzumab (Campath-1H)-induced thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;32:e128–9.
168. Cima LN, Lambrescu IM, Stejereanu L, et al. Graves’ orbitopathy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a patient with Fanconi anemia - side effect of alemtuzumab therapy? Clin Case Rep 2018;6:867–70.
169. Roos JCP, Moran C, Chatterjee VK, et al. Immune reconstitution after alemtuzumab therapy for multiple sclerosis triggering Graves’ orbitopathy: a case series. Eye (Lond) 2019;33:223–9.
170. Ryan PJ, Sampath R. Idiopathic orbital inflammation following intravenous pamidronate. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2001;40:956–7.
171. Phillips PM, Newman SA. Orbital inflammatory disease after intravenous infusion of zoledronate for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126:137–9.
172. Yang EB, Birkholz ES, Lee AG. Another case of bisphosphonate-induced orbital inflammation. J Neuroophthalmol 2010;30:94–5.
173. Vora MM, Rodgers IR, Uretsky S. Nitrogen bisphosphonate-induced orbital inflammatory disease: gamma delta T cells–a report and review of 2 cases. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;30:e84–5.
174. Pirbhai A, Rajak SN, Goold LA, et al. Bisphosphonate-induced orbital inflammation: a case series and review. Orbit 2015;34:331–5.
175. Lefebvre DR, Mandeville JT, Yonekawa Y, et al. A case series and review of bisphosphonate-associated orbital inflammation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2016;24:134–9.
176. Bahrami B, Rajak S, Selva D. Orbital myositis secondary to statin therapy. Med J Aust 2015;203:365.
177. Fraunfelder FW, Richards AB. Diplopia, blepharoptosis, and ophthalmoplegia and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor use. Ophthalmology 2008;115:2282–5.
178. Rajak S, Sullivan T, Selva D. Orbital myositis: a side effect of interferon alpha 2b treatment. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;31:75.
179. Thurairajan G, Hope-Ross MW, Situnayake RD, et al. Polyarthropathy, orbital myositis and posterior scleritis: an unusual adverse reaction to influenza vaccine. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:120–3.
180. Dalvin LA, Shields CL, Orloff M, et al. Checkpoint inhibitor immune therapy: systemic indications and ophthalmic side effects. Retina 2018;38:1063–78.
181. Mehta P, Chickadasarahally S, Hedley N, et al. Extraocular muscle enlargement as a paraneoplastic effect of breast carcinoma in a male patient. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;27:e146–7.
182. Kiziltunc PB, Atilla H, Akbostanci C, et al. Lacrimal gland metastasis and paraneoplastic orbital myositis due to breast carcinoma. Int J Ophthalmic Pathol 2016;5. doi: 10.4172/2324–8599.1000177. [DOI: 10.4172/2324–8599.1000177]
183. Guiney M, Buckley C, Radford N, et al. A case of seminoma-associated orbitopathy. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1995;23:335–7.
184. Taylor JB, Solomon DH, Levine RE, et al. Exophthalmos in seminoma. Regression with steroids and orcheictomy. JAMA 1978;240:860–2.
185. Diacon AH, Schuurmans MM, Colesky FJ, et al. Paraneoplastic bilateral proptosis in a case of non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2003;123:627–9.
186. Eckel F, Ugi I, Schmidt T, et al. [A 44-year-old patient with cardial carcinoma and paraneoplastic orbital disease]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998;123:1103–6.
187. Harris GJ, Murphy ML, Schmidt EW, et al. Orbital myositis as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:380–6.
188. Spraul CW, Lang GE, Lang GK. [Orbital myopathy in metastatic malignant paraganglioma: a paraneoplastic syndrome?]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 1996;209:153–7.

MeSH Term