Powering sustainable development within planetary boundaries.
Ibrahim M Algunaibet, Carlos Pozo, Ángel Galán-Martín, Mark A J Huijbregts, Niall Mac Dowell, Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez
Author Information
Ibrahim M Algunaibet: Centre for Process Systems Engineering , Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK. ORCID
Carlos Pozo: Centre for Process Systems Engineering , Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK. ORCID
Ángel Galán-Martín: Centre for Process Systems Engineering , Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK. ORCID
Mark A J Huijbregts: Department of Environmental Science , Institute for Water and Wetland Research , Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010 , NL-6500, GL , Nijmegen , The Netherlands. ORCID
Niall Mac Dowell: Centre for Process Systems Engineering , Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK. ORCID
Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez: Centre for Process Systems Engineering , Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , UK. ORCID
The concept of planetary boundaries identifies a safe space for humanity. Current energy systems are primarily designed with a focus on total cost minimization and bounds on greenhouse gas emissions. Omitting planetary boundaries in energy systems design can lead to energy mixes unable to power our sustainable development. To overcome this conceptual limitation, we here incorporate planetary boundaries into energy systems models, explicitly linking energy generation with the Earth's ecological limits. Taking the United States as a testbed, we found that the least cost energy mix that would meet the Paris Agreement 2 degrees Celsius target still transgresses five out of eight planetary boundaries. It is possible to meet seven out of eight planetary boundaries concurrently by incurring a doubling of the cost compared to the least cost energy mix solution (1.3% of the United States gross domestic product in 2017). Due to the stringent downscaled planetary boundary on biogeochemical nitrogen flow, there is no energy mix in the United States capable of satisfying all planetary boundaries concurrently. Our work highlights the importance of considering planetary boundaries in energy systems design and paves the way for further research on how to effectively accomplish such integration in energy related studies.
References
Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):293-6
[PMID: 18202647]
