Is neighbourhood social deprivation in a Brazilian city associated with the availability, variety, quality and price of food in supermarkets?
Maria Alvim Leite, Maíra Macário de Assis, Ariene Silva do Carmo, Bruna Vieira de Lima Costa, Rafael Moreira Claro, Inês Rugani de Castro, Letícia de Oliveira Cardoso, Michele Pereira Netto, Larissa Loures Mendes
Author Information
Maria Alvim Leite: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Maíra Macário de Assis: School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Ariene Silva do Carmo: School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
Bruna Vieira de Lima Costa: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
Rafael Moreira Claro: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
Inês Rugani de Castro: Department of Social Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Letícia de Oliveira Cardoso: Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods in Health, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Michele Pereira Netto: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
Larissa Loures Mendes: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Professor Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
OBJECTIVE: To verify differences in the availability, variety, quality and price of unprocessed and ultra-processed foods in supermarkets and similar establishments in neighbourhoods with different social deprivation levels at Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Obesogenic Environment Study in São Paulo's Food Store Observation Tool (ESAO-S) was applied in thirty-three supermarket chains, wholesale and retail supermarkets. RESULTS: Fruits, vegetables and ultra-processed foods were available in almost all establishments, without differences according to Health Vulnerability Index (HVI; which varies from 0 to 1 point and the higher the worse; P > 0·05). Most establishments were concentrated in low vulnerability areas and offered healthy foods with greater variety and quality, despite higher prices. The Healthy Food Store Index (HFSI; which varies from 0 to 16 points and the higher the best) was calculated from the ESAO-S and the mean score was 8·91 (sd 1·51). The presence and variety of unprocessed foods count as positive points, as do the absence of ultra-processed products. When HFSI was stratified by HVI, low HVI neighbourhoods presented higher HFSI scores, compared with medium, high and very high HVI neighbourhoods (P = 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: Supermarkets and similar establishments are less dense in areas of greater social deprivation and have lower prices of healthy foods, but the variety and quality of those foods are worse, compared with areas of low vulnerability. We found worse HFSI for supermarkets located in areas with greater vulnerability. Those findings can guide specific public policies improving the urban food environment.
