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The New England journal of medicine
03 19, 2020;382 (12): 1124-1135.

Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine after Oral Induction for HIV-1 Infection.

Chloe Orkin, Keikawus Arasteh, Miguel Górgolas Hernández-Mora, Vadim Pokrovsky, Edgar T Overton, Pierre-Marie Girard, Shinichi Oka, Sharon Walmsley, Chris Bettacchi, Cynthia Brinson, Patrick Philibert, Johan Lombaard, Marty St Clair, Herta Crauwels, Susan L Ford, Parul Patel, Vasiliki Chounta, Ronald D'Amico, Simon Vanveggel, David Dorey, Amy Cutrell, Sandy Griffith, David A Margolis, Peter E Williams, Wim Parys, Kimberly Y Smith, William R Spreen
Author Information
  1. Chloe Orkin: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  2. Keikawus Arasteh: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  3. Miguel Górgolas Hernández-Mora: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  4. Vadim Pokrovsky: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  5. Edgar T Overton: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  6. Pierre-Marie Girard: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  7. Shinichi Oka: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  8. Sharon Walmsley: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  9. Chris Bettacchi: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.). ORCID
  10. Cynthia Brinson: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  11. Patrick Philibert: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  12. Johan Lombaard: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  13. Marty St Clair: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  14. Herta Crauwels: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  15. Susan L Ford: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  16. Parul Patel: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  17. Vasiliki Chounta: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  18. Ronald D'Amico: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  19. Simon Vanveggel: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  20. David Dorey: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  21. Amy Cutrell: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  22. Sandy Griffith: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  23. David A Margolis: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  24. Peter E Williams: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  25. Wim Parys: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  26. Kimberly Y Smith: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
  27. William R Spreen: From Queen Mary University of London, London (C.O.), and ViiV Healthcare, Brentford (V.C.) - both in the United Kingdom; EPIMED, Berlin (K.A.); Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid (M.G.H.-M.); Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow (V.P.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (E.T.O.); Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris (P.-M.G.), and Hôpital Européen, Marseille (P. Philibert) - both in France; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (S.O.); the University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto (S.W.), and GlaxoSmithKline, Mississauga (S.L.F., D.D.) - both in Ontario, Canada; North Texas Infectious Disease Consultants, Dallas (C. Bettacchi), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C. Brinson); Josha Research, Bloemfontein, South Africa (J.L.); ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, NC (M.S.C., P. Patel, R.D., A.C., S.G., D.A.M., K.Y.S., W.R.S.); and Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (H.C., S.V., P.E.W., W.P.).
PMID: 32130806 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1909512

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Long-acting injectable regimens may simplify therapy for patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.
METHODS: We conducted a phase 3, randomized, open-label trial in which adults with HIV-1 infection who had not previously received antiretroviral therapy were given 20 weeks of daily oral induction therapy with dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine. Participants who had an HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter after 16 weeks were randomly assigned (1:1) to continue the current oral therapy or switch to oral cabotegravir plus rilpivirine for 1 month followed by monthly injections of long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine. The primary end point was the percentage of participants who had an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher at week 48 (Food and Drug Administration snapshot algorithm).
RESULTS: At week 48, an HIV-1 RNA level of 50 copies per milliliter or higher was found in 6 of 283 participants (2.1%) who received long-acting therapy and in 7 of 283 (2.5%) who received oral therapy (adjusted difference, -0.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.8 to 2.1), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for the primary end point (margin, 6 percentage points). An HIV-1 RNA level of less than 50 copies per milliliter at week 48 was found in 93.6% who received long-acting therapy and in 93.3% who received oral therapy (adjusted difference, 0.4 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.7 to 4.5), a result that met the criterion for noninferiority for this end point (margin, -10 percentage points). Of the participants who received long-acting therapy, 86% reported injection-site reactions (median duration, 3 days; mild or moderate severity, 99% of cases); 4 participants withdrew from the trial for injection-related reasons. Grade 3 or higher adverse events and events that met liver-related stopping criteria occurred in 11% and 2%, respectively, who received long-acting therapy and in 4% and 1% who received oral therapy. Treatment satisfaction increased after participants switched to long-acting therapy; 91% preferred long-acting therapy at week 48.
CONCLUSIONS: Therapy with long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine was noninferior to oral therapy with dolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudine with regard to maintaining HIV-1 suppression. Injection-site reactions were common. (Funded by ViiV Healthcare and Janssen; FLAIR ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02938520.).

Associated Data

ClinicalTrials.gov | NCT02938520

MeSH Term

Administration, Oral
Adult
Anti-HIV Agents
Anti-Retroviral Agents
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Drug Resistance, Viral
Drug Therapy, Combination
Female
HIV Infections
HIV-1
Humans
Induction Chemotherapy
Injections, Intramuscular
Maintenance Chemotherapy
Male
Middle Aged
Mutation
Patient Reported Outcome Measures
Pyridones
RNA, Viral
Rilpivirine
Viral Load

Chemicals

Anti-HIV Agents
Anti-Retroviral Agents
Pyridones
RNA, Viral
Rilpivirine
cabotegravir
Clinical Trial, Phase III Equivalence Trial Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Article has an altmetric score of 292

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0therapyHIV-1receivedlong-actingoralpercentageparticipantsRNAlevel50copiespermilliliterweek484points13cabotegravirplusrilpivirineendpointhigher2metinfectiontrialweeksdolutegravir-abacavir-lamivudinelessprimaryfound62831%7adjusteddifference95%resultcriterionnoninferioritymargin93reactionseventsBACKGROUND:Long-actinginjectableregimensmaysimplifypatientshumanimmunodeficiencyvirustypeMETHODS:conductedphaserandomizedopen-labeladultspreviouslyantiretroviralgiven20dailyinductionParticipants16randomlyassigned1:1continuecurrentswitchmonthfollowedmonthlyinjectionsFoodDrugAdministrationsnapshotalgorithmRESULTS:5%-0confidenceinterval[CI]-286%3%0CI-35-1086%reportedinjection-sitemediandurationdaysmildmoderateseverity99%caseswithdrewinjection-relatedreasonsGradeadverseliver-relatedstoppingcriteriaoccurred11%2%respectively4%Treatmentsatisfactionincreasedswitched91%preferredCONCLUSIONS:TherapynoninferiorregardmaintainingsuppressionInjection-sitecommonFundedViiVHealthcareJanssenFLAIRClinicalTrialsgovnumberNCT02938520Long-ActingCabotegravirRilpivirineOralInductionInfection

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