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Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine
03, 2020;30 Suppl 1 S69-S74.

Factors Associated With Self-Reported Concussion History in Middle School Athletes.

Douglas P Terry, Magdalena Wojtowicz, Nathan E Cook, Bruce A Maxwell, Ross Zafonte, Tad Seifert, Noah D Silverberg, Paul D Berkner, Grant L Iverson
Author Information
  1. Douglas P Terry: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
  2. Magdalena Wojtowicz: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
  3. Nathan E Cook: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
  4. Bruce A Maxwell: Department of Computer Science, Colby College, Waterville, Maine.
  5. Ross Zafonte: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
  6. Tad Seifert: Departments of Neurology and Sports Health, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky.
  7. Noah D Silverberg: Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
  8. Paul D Berkner: Department of Biology and Health Services, Colby College, Waterville, Maine.
  9. Grant L Iverson: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
PMID: 32132480 DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000594

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Identifying personal characteristics associated with sustaining a concussion is of great interest, yet only a few have examined this in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between sex, neurodevelopmental disorders, health history, and lifetime history of self-reported concussion in 12- and 13-year-old athletes.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
SETTING: Middle schools.
PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 1744 twelve- and thirteen-year-old student athletes who completed preseason Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) testing, including a self-report questionnaire about previous concussions, developmental diagnoses, and previous medical treatment.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: Age, sex, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities (LDs), and previous treatment for migraine.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported history of concussion.
RESULTS: A minority of athletes (13.7%) reported previous concussions (1 concussion, n = 181; 2 concussions, n = 41; and 3+ concussions, n = 17). A small proportion reported a history of ADHD (4.4%), LD (2.8%) or migraine treatment (4.0%). Higher rates of self-reported previous concussions were associated with male sex [16.9% vs 9.1%; χ(1) = 21.47, P < 0.001] and previous migraine treatment [31.9% vs 13.0%; χ(1) = 20.08, P < 0.001]. There were no differences in self-reported concussion history between 12- and 13-year olds (P = 0.18) and those with/without ADHD (P = 0.41) or LDs (P = 0.06). The overall logistic regression model was statistically significant [χ(5) = 42.01, P < 0.001] but explained only 4.3% of the variance. Previous treatment for migraine [P < 0.001, Exp(B) = 3.30] and male sex [P < 0.001, Exp(B) = 2.06] were independently associated with a self-reported concussion history, whereas age, LD, and ADHD were not (P's > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: Male sex and previous migraine treatment were associated with higher rates of self-reported previous concussions in both independent and multivariate models in middle school athletes, whereas age, ADHD, and LDs were not.

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MeSH Term

Age Factors
Athletes
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Brain Concussion
Child
Confidence Intervals
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Headache
Humans
Learning Disabilities
Logistic Models
Male
Mental Disorders
Migraine Disorders
Odds Ratio
Risk Factors
Schools
Self Report
Sex Factors
Students
Journal Article

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0=0previousconcussionhistoryconcussionstreatmentPsexself-reportedADHDmigraine<associatedathletesLDs1n24001]study12-Middle13reported41LD0%ratesmale9%vsχ[P001ExpBwhereasageOBJECTIVE:Identifyingpersonalcharacteristicssustaininggreatinterestyetexaminedchildrenpurposeexamineassociationneurodevelopmentaldisordershealthlifetime13-year-oldDESIGN:Cross-sectionalSETTING:schoolsPARTICIPANTS:Participants1744twelve-thirteen-year-oldstudentcompletedpreseasonImmediatePost-ConcussionAssessmentCognitiveTestingImPACTtestingincludingself-reportquestionnairedevelopmentaldiagnosesmedicalINDEPENDENTVARIABLES:Ageattention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorderlearningdisabilitiesMAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Self-reportedRESULTS:minority7%1813+17smallproportion4%8%Higher[1691%2147[312008differences13-yearolds18with/without06overalllogisticregressionmodelstatisticallysignificant[χ54201explained3%variancePrevious330]06]independentlyP's>05CONCLUSIONS:MalehigherindependentmultivariatemodelsmiddleschoolnotFactorsAssociatedSelf-ReportedConcussionHistorySchoolAthletes

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