Toxicity of Carlina Oxide-A Natural Polyacetylene from the Roots-In Vitro and In Vivo Study.
Artur Wnorowski, Sylwia Wnorowska, Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk, Anna Grenda, Michał Staniak, Agnieszka Michalak, Sylwia Woźniak, Dariusz Matosiuk, Grażyna Biała, Magdalena Wójciak, Ireneusz Sowa, Paweł Krawczyk, Maciej Strzemski
Author Information
Artur Wnorowski: Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland. ORCID
Sylwia Wnorowska: Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk: Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
Anna Grenda: Laboratory for Immunology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Michał Staniak: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland. ORCID
Agnieszka Michalak: Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Sylwia Woźniak: Chair and Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Dariusz Matosiuk: Chair and Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Grażyna Biała: Chair and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Magdalena Wójciak: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Ireneusz Sowa: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland. ORCID
Paweł Krawczyk: Laboratory for Immunology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
Maciej Strzemski: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland. ORCID
There are several reports indicating that the roots of the L. used to be commonly applied as a treatment measure in skin diseases and as an antiparasitic agent, starting from antiquity to the 19th century; however, nowadays, it has lost its importance. Currently, numerous studies are being conducted assessing the possibility of reintroducing -derived extracts to phytotherapy. Determining the safety profile of the main constituents of the plant material is crucial for achieving this goal. Here, we aimed to determine the toxicity profile of carlina oxide, one of the most abundant components of the root extract. We obtained the carlina oxide by distillation of roots in the Deryng apparatus. The purity of the standard was evaluated using GC-MS, and the identity was confirmed by IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using a panel of human cell lines of skin origin, including BJ normal fibroblasts and UACC-903, UACC-647, and C32 melanoma cells. This was accompanied by an in vivo zebrafish acute toxicity test (ZFET). In vitro studies showed a toxic effect of carlina oxide, as demonstrated by an induction of apoptosis and necrosis in both normal and melanoma cells. Decreased expression of AKT kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was noted in the UACC-647 melanoma cell line. It was also observed that carlina oxide modified the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tested cell lines. Carlina oxide exhibited high in vivo toxicity, with LC = 10.13 µg/mL upon the 96 h of exposure in the ZFET test. Here, we demonstrate that carlina oxide displays toxic effects to cells in culture and to living organisms. The data indicate that -based extracts considered for therapeutic use should be completely deprived of carlina oxide.
