Preclinical assessment of clinically streamlined, 3D-printed, biocompatible single- and two-stage tissue scaffolds for ear reconstruction.
Julia R Brennan, Ashley Cornett, Brian Chang, Sarah J Crotts, Zahra Nourmohammadi, Isabelle Lombaert, Scott J Hollister, David A Zopf
Author Information
Julia R Brennan: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Ashley Cornett: Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Brian Chang: Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA. ORCID
Sarah J Crotts: Center for 3D Medical Fabrication, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Zahra Nourmohammadi: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Isabelle Lombaert: Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Scott J Hollister: Center for 3D Medical Fabrication, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
David A Zopf: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Auricular reconstruction is a technically demanding procedure requiring significant surgical expertise, as the current gold standard involves hand carving of the costal cartilage into an auricular framework and re-implantation of the tissue. 3D-printing presents a powerful tool that can reduce technical demands associated with the procedure. Our group compared clinical, radiological, histological, and biomechanical outcomes in single- and two-stage 3D-printed auricular tissue scaffolds in an athymic rodent model. Briefly, an external anatomic envelope of a human auricle was created using DICOM computed tomography (CT) images and modified in design to create a two-stage, lock-in-key base and elevating platform. Single- and two-stage scaffolds were 3D-printed by laser sintering poly-L-caprolactone (PCL) then implanted subcutaneously in five athymic rats each. Rats were monitored for ulcer formation, site infection, and scaffold distortion weekly, and scaffolds were explanted at 8 weeks with analysis using microCT and histologic staining. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to determine areas of high strain in relation to ulcer formation. Scaffolds demonstrated precise anatomic appearance and maintenance of integrity of both anterior and posterior auricular surfaces and scaffold projection, with no statistically significant differences in complications noted between the single- and two-staged implantation. While minor superficial ulcers occurred most commonly at the lateral and superior helix coincident with finite element predictions of high skin strains, evidence of robust tissue ingrowth and angiogenesis was visible grossly and histologically. This promising preclinical small animal model supports future initiatives for making clinically viable options for an ear tissue scaffold.
