OpenLB
Open Library of Bioscience
Advanced Search
Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID
Mar, 2021;34 (2): 402-420.

Belonging through sport participation for young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A scoping review.

Winnie Mai Zhao, Kirtana Thirumal, Rebecca Renwick, Denise DuBois
Author Information
  1. Winnie Mai Zhao: Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. ORCID
  2. Kirtana Thirumal: Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
  3. Rebecca Renwick: Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
  4. Denise DuBois: Department of Occupational Science & Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
PMID: 33086436 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12817

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that sport facilitates belonging for diverse athletes. This scoping review characterizes literature on sport participation and belonging for young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A search of five databases identified 17,497 articles. Selected articles (N = 39) underwent data extraction and analysis guided by a theoretical framework of belonging, outlining four processes through which belonging is experienced by individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
RESULTS: Articles originated from developed countries and in the context of Special Olympics (N = 17). Studies commonly used qualitative interviews with proxy respondents. While all studies described at least one belonging process, only 11 studies applied the term "belonging," and no study defined the construct.
CONCLUSION: Belonging is not well-conceptualized in sports literature for athletes with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Understanding belonging through sport participation for this population may inform sport-based policies and programming.

Keywords

belonging intellectual/developmental disability sense of belonging sport sport participation

References

  1. Abur, W. B. (2016). Benefits of participation in sport for people from refugee backgrounds: A study of the South Sudanese community in Melbourne, Australia. Issues in Scientific Research, 1(2), 10-26.
  2. Alesi, M., & Pepi, A. (2015). Physical activity engagement in young people with down syndrome: Investigating parental beliefs. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12220
  3. Alexander, M. G. F., Smeltzer, A., Dummer, G. M., & Denton, S. J. (2011). Developing the social skills of young adult Special Olympics athletes. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 46(2), 297-310.
  4. Amado, A. N., Stancliffe, R. J., McCarron, M., & McCallion, P. (2013). Social inclusion and community participation of individuals with intellectual/developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 51, 360-375. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-51.5.360
  5. Andrews, J., Falkmer, M., & Girdler, S. (2015). Community participation interventions for children and adolescents with a neurodevelopmental intellectual disability: A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation, 37(10), 825-833. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.944625
  6. Antonsich, M. (2010). Searching for belonging - An analytical framework. Geography Compass, 4(6), 644-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00317.x
  7. Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
  8. Barfield, J., & Malone, L. (2013). Perceived exercise benefits and barriers among power wheelchair soccer players. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 50, 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2011.12.0234
  9. Bowers, K., Corby, D., Lambert, V., Staines, A., McVeigh, T., McKeon, M., Hoey, E., Belton, S., Meegan, S., Walsh, D., Trépel, D., Griffin, P., & Sweeney, M. R. (2016). People with intellectual disability and their families’ perspectives of Special Olympics Ireland: Qualitative findings from the SOPHIE study. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 20(4), 354-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629515617059
  10. Buchanan, A., Miedema, B., & Frey, G. (2017). Parents’ perspectives of physical activity in their adult children with autism spectrum disorder: A social-ecological approach. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 34, 401-420. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0099
  11. Callus, A. (2017). Developing inclusive research methods: Collaborating with people with intellectual disability as co-researchers. SAGE Research Methods Cases. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473989184
  12. Center for Community Health and Development. (n.d.). Chapter 36, Section 2: Community-based Participatory Research. University of Kansas. Retrieved from the Community Tool Box: https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/evaluate/evaluation/intervention-research/main
  13. Channon, A. (2014). Intellectual disability and activity engagement: Exploring the literature from an occupational perspective. Journal of Occupational Science, 21(4), 443-458. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2013.829398
  14. Cluley, V. (2016). Using photovoice to include people with profound and multiple learning disabilities in inclusive research. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 45(1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12174
  15. Colquhoun, H. L., Jesus, T. S., O’Brien, K. K., Tricco, A. C., Chui, A., Zarin, W., Lillie, E., Hitzig, S. L., & Straus, S. (2017). Study protocol for a scoping review on rehabilitation scoping reviews. Clinical Rehabilitation, 31(9), 1249-1256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215516688514
  16. Colquhoun, H. L., Levac, D., O'Brien, K. K., Straus, S., Tricco, A. C., Perrier, L., Kastner, M., & Moher, D. (2014). Scoping reviews: Time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 67(12), 1291-1294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013
  17. Côté-Leclerc, F., Duchesne, G. B., Bolduc, P., Gélinas-Lafrenière, A., Santerre, C., Desrosiers, J., & Levasseur, M. (2017). How does playing adapted sports affect quality of life of people with mobility limitations? Results from a mixed-method sequential explanatory study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 15(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-017-0597-9
  18. Crawford, C., Burns, J., & Fernie, B. (2015). Psychosocial impact of involvement in the Special Olympics. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 45-46, 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.07.009
  19. Darcy, S., & Dowse, L. (2013). In search of a level playing field - The constraints and benefits of sport participation for people with intellectual disability. Disability & Society, 28(3), 393-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.714258
  20. DePauw, K. P., & Gavron, S. J. (2005). Disability sport. Human Kinetics.
  21. Donaldson, S. J., & Ronan, K. R. (2006). The effects of sports participation on young adolescents’ emotional well-being. Adolescence, 41(162), 369-389.
  22. Downs, S. J., Boddy, L. M., Knowles, Z. R., Fairclough, S. J., & Stratton, G. (2013). Exploring opportunities available and perceived barriers to physical activity engagement in children and young people with Down syndrome. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 28, 270-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2013.768453
  23. Downs, S. J., Knowles, Z. R., Fairclough, S. J., Heffernan, N., Whitehead, S., Halliwell, S., & Boddy, L. M. (2014). Exploring teachers’ perceptions on physical activity engagement for children and young people with intellectual disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 29(3), 402-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2014.906979
  24. Draheim, C. C., Williams, D. P., & McCubbin, J. A. (2002). Prevalence of physical inactivity and recommended physical activity in community-based adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 40(6), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2002)040<0436:POPIAR>2.0.CO;2
  25. DuBois, D., Renwick, R., Chowdhury, M., Eisen, S., & Cameron, D. (2019). Engagement in community life: Perspectives of youths with intellectual and developmental disabilities on families' roles. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(20), 2923-2934. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1576781
  26. Dykens, E. M., & Cohen, D. J. (1996). Effects of special Olympics international on social competence in persons with mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(2), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199602000-00016
  27. Education Act, RSO. (1990). c. E-2, s 33. https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90e02
  28. Farrell, R. J., Crocker, P. R., McDonough, M. H., & Sedgwick, W. A. (2004). The driving force: Motivation in Special Olympians. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(2), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.21.2.153
  29. Floyd, F. J., Costigan, C. L., & Piazza, V. E. (2009). The transition to adulthood for individuals with intellectual disability. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 37, 31-59.
  30. Foley, K. R., Dyke, P., Girdler, S., Bourke, J., & Leonard, H. (2012). Young adults with intellectual disability transitioning from school to post-school: A literature review framed within the ICF. Disability and Rehabilitation, 34(20), 1747-1764. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.660603
  31. Frankena, T., Naaldenberg, J., Cardol, M., Linehan, C., & Lantman, H. (2015). Active involvement of people with intellectual disabilities in health research - A structured literature review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 45-46, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.08.004
  32. Frey, G. C., Buchanan, A. M., & Rosser Sandt, D. D. (2005). “I'd rather watch TV”: An examination of physical activity in adults with mental retardation. Mental Retardation, 43(4), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1352/0047-6765(2005)43[241:IRWTAE]2.0.CO;2
  33. Gauthier-Boudreault, C., Gallagher, F., & Couture, M. (2017). Specific needs of families of young adults with profound intellectual disability during and after transition to adulthood: What are we missing? Research in Developmental Disabilities, 66, 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2017.05.001
  34. Glidden, L., Bamberger, K., Draheim, A., & Kersh, J. (2011). Parent and athlete perceptions of special olympics participation: Utility and danger of proxy responding. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 49, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-49.1.37
  35. Grandisson, M., Tétreault, S., & Freeman, A. R. (2012). Enabling integration in sports for adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 25(3), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3148.2011.00658.x
  36. Groff, D. G., Lundberg, N. R., & Zabriskie, R. B. (2009). Influence of adapted sport on quality of life: Perceptions of athletes with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation, 31(4), 318-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280801976233
  37. Hajjar, D. J., McCarthy, J. W., Benigno, J. P., & Chabot, J. (2016). "You Get More Than You Give": Experiences of community partners in facilitating active recreation with individuals who have complex communication needs. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 32(2), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2015.1136686
  38. Harada, C. M., & Siperstein, G. N. (2009). The sport experience of athletes with intellectual disabilities: A national survey of Special Olympics athletes and their families. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 26(1), 68-85. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.26.1.68
  39. Harada, C. M., Siperstein, G. N., Parker, R. C., & Lenox, D. (2011). Promoting social inclusion for people with intellectual disabilities through sport: Special Olympics International, global sport initiatives and strategies. Sport in Society, 14(9), 1131-1148. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.614770
  40. Hudson, B. (2003). From adolescence to young adulthood: The partnership challenge for learning disability services in England. Disability & Society, 18(3), 259-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/0968759032000052851
  41. Hudson, N. A., Mrozik, J. H., White, R., Northend, K., Moore, S., Lister, K., & Rayner, K. (2018). Community football teams for people with intellectual disabilities in secure settings: “They take you off the ward, it was like a nice day, and then you get like medals at the end”. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(2), 213-225. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12359
  42. Kidney, C. A., & McDonald, K. E. (2014). A toolkit for accessible and respectful engagement in research. Disability & Society, 29, 1013-1030. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.902357
  43. Klein, T., Gilman, E., & Zigler, E. (1993). Special Olympics: An evaluation by professionals and parents. Mental Retardation, 31, 15-23.
  44. Lante, K. A., Walkley, J. W., Gamble, M., & Vassos, M. V. (2011). An initial evaluation of a long-term, sustainable, integrated community-based physical activity program for adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 36(3), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2011.593163
  45. Lee, H., Dunn, J. C., & Holt, N. L. (2014). Youth sport experiences of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 31(4), 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2014-0142
  46. Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
  47. Love, A., & Agiovlasitis, S. (2016). How do adults with down syndrome perceive physical activity? Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 33, 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1123/APAQ.2015-0042
  48. Lufi, D., & Parish-Plass, J. (2011). Sport-based group therapy program for boys with ADHD or with other behavioral disorders. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 33(3), 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2011.596000
  49. Mahar, A. L., Cobigo, V., & Stuart, H. (2013). Conceptualizing belonging. Disability and Rehabilitation, 35(12), 1026-1032. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2012.717584
  50. Mahoney, W. J., Roberts, E., Bryze, K., & Kent, J. A. P. (2016). Occupational engagement and adults with intellectual disabilities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70(1), 7001350030p1-7001350030p6. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2016.016576
  51. Mahy, J., Shields, N., Taylor, N., & Dodd, K. (2010). Identifying facilitators and barriers to physical activity for adults with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 795-805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01308.x
  52. Massey, W. V., & Williams, T. L. (2020). Sporting activities for individuals who experienced trauma during their youth: A meta-study. Qualitative Health Research, 30(1), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319849563
  53. McConkey, R., Dowling, S., Hassan, D., & Menke, S. (2013). Promoting social inclusion through Unified Sports for youth with intellectual disabilities: A five-nation study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57(10), 923-935. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01587.x
  54. McDonald, K., & Stack, E. (2016). You say you want a revolution: An empirical study of community-based participatory research with people with developmental disabilities. Disability and Health Journal, 9, 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2015.12.006
  55. McKenzie, K., Milton, M., Smith, G., & Ouellette-Kuntz, H. (2016). Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of intellectual disabilities: Current trends and issues. Current Developmental Disorders Reports, 3(2), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-016-0085-7
  56. McVeigh, S. A., Hitzig, S. L., & Craven, B. C. (2009). Influence of sport participation on community integration and quality of life: A comparison between sport participants and non-sport participants with spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 32(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2009.11760762
  57. Meyer, J. M., Hinton, V. M., & Derzis, N. (2015). Emerging adults with disabilities: Theory, trends, and implications. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 46(4), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.46.4.3
  58. Neumayer, R., Smith, R. W., & Lundegren, H. M. (1993). Leisure-related peer preference choices of individuals with Down syndrome. Mental Retardation, 31(6), 396-402.
  59. Notara, D., & Robinson, S. (2013). The belonging project: Report of outcomes. Disability & Home Care Northern Rivers Social Development Council.
  60. Page, S. J., O’Connor, E., & Peterson, K. (2001). Leaving the disability ghetto: A qualitative study of factors underlying achievement motivation among athletes with disabilities. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 25(1), 40-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723501251004
  61. Patterson, I., & Pegg, S. (2009). Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities: Benefits and opportunities. Leisure Studies, 28(4), 387-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903071688
  62. Peters, M. D., Godfrey, C. M., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Parker, D., & Soares, C. B. (2015). Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 13(3), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000050
  63. Petersen, B., Middleton, T., & Schinke, R. (2019). Developing a sense of belonging through sport: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research conducted with refugee sport participants. Journal of Exercise, Movement, and Sport (SCAPPS Refereed Abstracts Repository), 51(1), 144.
  64. Pett, M., Clark, L., Eldredge, A., Cardell, B., Jordan, K., Chambless, C., & Burley, J. (2013). Effecting healthy lifestyle changes in overweight and obese young adults with intellectual disability. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118(3), 224-243. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-118.3.224
  65. Požėrienė, J., Adomaitienė, R., Ostasevičienė, V., Rėklaitienė, D., & Kragnienė, I. (2008). Sport participation motivation of athletes with intellectual disabilities. Education. Physical Training. Sport, 70(3).
  66. Renwick, R., DuBois, D., Cowen, J., Cameron, D., Schormans, A. F., & Rose, N. (2019). Voices of youths on engagement in community life: A theoretical framework of belonging. Disability & Society, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2019.1583551
  67. Robinson, S., Hill, M., Fisher, K. R., & Graham, A. (2018). Belonging and exclusion in the lives of young people with intellectual disability in small town communities. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 24(1), 50-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629518765830
  68. Ryan, S., Fraser-Thomas, J., & Weiss, J. (2017). Patterns of sport participation for youth with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(3), 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12414
  69. Shapiro, D. (2003). Participation motives of special Olympics athletes. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 20, 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.20.2.150
  70. Special Olympics. (2017). Annual report 2017. https://soar.brightspotcdn.com/21/7c/373d78984b169caa8fbfaa03995d/specialolympics-ar-2017.pdf
  71. Special Olympics. (2018, August 2). . https://www.specialolympics.org/about/sports-federation-partnerships/international-olympic-committee
  72. Special Olympics. (2020). Frequently asked questions. https://www.specialolympics.org/about/faq
  73. Stanish, H. I., Curtin, C., Must, A., Phillips, S., Maslin, M., & Bandini, L. G. (2015). Enjoyment, barriers, and beliefs about physical activity in adolescents with and without Autism spectrum disorder. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(4), 302-317.
  74. Stanish, H. I., Curtin, C., Must, A., Phillips, S., Maslin, M., & Bandini, L. G. (2016). Physical activity enjoyment, perceived barriers, and beliefs among adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 13(1), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0548
  75. Stevens, G., Jahoda, A., Matthews, L., Hankey, C., Melville, C., Murray, H., & Mitchell, F. (2018). A theory-informed qualitative exploration of social and environmental determinants of physical activity and dietary choices in adolescents with intellectual disabilities in their final year of school. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31, 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12340
  76. Stewart, D., Stavness, C., King, G., Antle, B., & Law, M. (2006). A critical appraisal of literature reviews about the transition to adulthood for youth with disabilities. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 26(4), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/J006v26n04_02
  77. Taliaferro, A. R., & Hammond, L. (2016). “I Don’t Have Time”: Barriers and facilitators to physical activity for adults with intellectual disabilities. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 33(2), 113-133.
  78. Tedrick, T. (2009). Growing older in special Olympics: Meaning and benefits of participation - Selected case studies. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 33, 137-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924780903148169
  79. Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E. A., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M. G., Garritty, C., … Straus, S. E. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
  80. Van Naarden Braun, K., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., & Lollar, D. (2006). A multi-dimensional approach to the transition of children with developmental disabilities into young adulthood: The acquisition of adult social roles. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(15), 915-928. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500304919
  81. Walmsley, J., & Johnson, K. (2003). Inclusive research with people with learning disabilities: Past, present, and futures. J. Kingsley Publishers.
  82. Walmsley, J., Strnadová, I., & Johnson, K. (2017). The added value of inclusive research. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 31(5), 751-759. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12431
  83. Walseth, K. (2006). Sport and belonging. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 41(3-4), 447-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207079510
  84. Weiss, J. A., & Bebko, J. (2009). Participation in special Olympics and change in athlete self-concept over 42 months. Journal on Developmental Disabilities, 14, 1-8.
  85. Weiss, J. A., Burnham Riosa, P., Robinson, S., Ryan, S., Tint, A., Viecili, M., MacMullin, J. A., & Shine, R. (2017). Understanding special Olympics experiences from the athlete perspectives using photo-elicitation: A qualitative study. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(5), 936-945. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12287
  86. Weiss, J. A., Diamond, T., Demark, J., & Lovald, B. (2003). Involvement in Special Olympics and its relations to self-concept and actual competency in participants with intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 24, 281-305.
  87. Werner, S. (2015). Athletes’, parents’, and siblings’ experiences from the Special Olympics World Games. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 40(2), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2015.1010148
  88. Wilson, N. J., Jaques, H., Johnson, A., & Brotherton, M. L. (2017). From social exclusion to supported inclusion: Adults with intellectual disability discuss their lived experiences of a structured social group. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(5), 847-858. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12275
  89. World Health Organization. (2001). International classification of functioning, disability and health: ICF. Author.
  90. World Health Organization. (2013, October). How to use the ICF: A practical manual for using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). https://www.who.int/classifications/drafticfpracticalmanual2.pdf?ua=1
  91. Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., & Blumberg, S. J. (2017). Estimated prevalence of children with diagnosed developmental disabilities in the United States, 2014-2016. NCHS Data Brief, 291, 8.

MeSH Term

Athletes
Child
Databases, Factual
Developmental Disabilities
Humans
Intellectual Disability
Sports
Young Adult
Journal Article Review
Article has an altmetric score of 2

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0belongingsportparticipationintellectualdevelopmentaldisabilitiesathletesscopingreviewliteratureyoungadultsarticlesstudiesBelongingBACKGROUND:ResearchsuggestsfacilitatesdiversecharacterizesMATERIALSANDMETHODS:searchfivedatabasesidentified17497SelectedN = 39underwentdataextractionanalysisguidedtheoreticalframeworkoutliningfourprocessesexperiencedindividualsRESULTS:ArticlesoriginateddevelopedcountriescontextSpecialOlympicsN = 17Studiescommonlyusedqualitativeinterviewsproxyrespondentsdescribedleastoneprocess11appliedterm"belonging"studydefinedconstructCONCLUSION:well-conceptualizedsportsUnderstandingpopulationmayinformsport-basedpoliciesprogrammingdisabilities:intellectual/developmentaldisabilitysense

Similar Articles

Cited By