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European journal of applied physiology
Jan, 2021;121 (1): 23-66.

Carbohydrate supplementation: a critical review of recent innovations.

Daniel A Baur, Michael J Saunders
Author Information
  1. Daniel A Baur: Department of Physical Education, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA. baurda@vmi.edu. ORCID
  2. Michael J Saunders: Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22801, USA.
PMID: 33106933 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y

Abstract

PURPOSE: To critically examine the research on novel supplements and strategies designed to enhance carbohydrate delivery and/or availability.
METHODS: Narrative review.
RESULTS: Available data would suggest that there are varying levels of effectiveness based on the supplement/supplementation strategy in question and mechanism of action. Novel carbohydrate supplements including multiple transportable carbohydrate (MTC), modified carbohydrate (MC), and hydrogels (HGEL) have been generally effective at modifying gastric emptying and/or intestinal absorption. Moreover, these effects often correlate with altered fuel utilization patterns and/or glycogen storage. Nevertheless, performance effects differ widely based on supplement and study design. MTC consistently enhances performance, but the magnitude of the effect is yet to be fully elucidated. MC and HGEL seem unlikely to be beneficial when compared to supplementation strategies that align with current sport nutrition recommendations. Combining carbohydrate with other ergogenic substances may, in some cases, result in additive or synergistic effects on metabolism and/or performance; however, data are often lacking and results vary based on the quantity, timing, and inter-individual responses to different treatments. Altering dietary carbohydrate intake likely influences absorption, oxidation, and and/or storage of acutely ingested carbohydrate, but how this affects the ergogenicity of carbohydrate is still mostly unknown.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, novel carbohydrate supplements and strategies alter carbohydrate delivery through various mechanisms. However, more research is needed to determine if/when interventions are ergogenic based on different contexts, populations, and applications.

Keywords

Caffeine Carbohydrate periodization Endurance Fructose Glucose Hydrogel Ketogenic Metabolism Multiple transportable carbohydrate Nitrate

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MeSH Term

Animals
Dietary Carbohydrates
Dietary Supplements
Humans
Nutritive Value
Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

Chemicals

Dietary Carbohydrates
Journal Article Review
Article has an altmetric score of 62

Word Cloud

Created with Highcharts 10.0.0carbohydrateand/orbasedsupplementsstrategieseffectsperformanceresearchnoveldeliveryreviewdatatransportableMTCMCHGELabsorptionoftenstorageergogenicdifferentCarbohydratePURPOSE:criticallyexaminedesignedenhanceavailabilityMETHODS:NarrativeRESULTS:Availablesuggestvaryinglevelseffectivenesssupplement/supplementationstrategyquestionmechanismactionNovelincludingmultiplemodifiedhydrogelsgenerallyeffectivemodifyinggastricemptyingintestinalMoreovercorrelatealteredfuelutilizationpatternsglycogenNeverthelessdifferwidelysupplementstudydesignconsistentlyenhancesmagnitudeeffectyetfullyelucidatedseemunlikelybeneficialcomparedsupplementationaligncurrentsportnutritionrecommendationsCombiningsubstancesmaycasesresultadditivesynergisticmetabolismhoweverlackingresultsvaryquantitytiminginter-individualresponsestreatmentsAlteringdietaryintakelikelyinfluencesoxidationacutelyingestedaffectsergogenicitystillmostlyunknownCONCLUSIONS:conclusionaltervariousmechanismsHoweverneededdetermineif/wheninterventionscontextspopulationsapplicationssupplementation:criticalrecentinnovationsCaffeineperiodizationEnduranceFructoseGlucoseHydrogelKetogenicMetabolismMultipleNitrate

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