Long-Term Neurocognitive, Mental Health Consequences of Contact Sports.
Barry S Willer, Mohammad Nadir Haider, Charles Wilber, Carrie Esopenko, Michael Turner, John Leddy
Author Information
Barry S Willer: Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Concussion Management Clinic and Research Center, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA. Electronic address: bswiller@buffalo.edu.
Mohammad Nadir Haider: UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Concussion Management Clinic and Research Center, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
Charles Wilber: UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Concussion Management Clinic and Research Center, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
Carrie Esopenko: Department of Rehabilitation & Movement Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, 65 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07107, USA.
Michael Turner: International Concussion and Head Injury Foundation, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, 170 Tottenham Court Road, W1T 7HA, UK.
John Leddy: UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Concussion Management Clinic and Research Center, State University of New York at Buffalo, 160 Farber Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
This article presents a brief history and literature review of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in professional athletes that played contact sports. The hypothesis that CTE results from concussion or sub-concussive blows is based largely on several case series investigations with considerable bias. Evidence of CTE in its clinical presentation has not been generally noted in studies of living retired athletes. However, these studies also demonstrated limitation in research methodology. This paper aims to present a balanced perspective amidst a politically charged subject matter.
