Dry Deposition of Ozone over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling.
Olivia E Clifton, Arlene M Fiore, William J Massman, Colleen B Baublitz, Mhairi Coyle, Lisa Emberson, Silvano Fares, Delphine K Farmer, Pierre Gentine, Giacomo Gerosa, Alex B Guenther, Detlev Helmig, Danica L Lombardozzi, J William Munger, Edward G Patton, Sally E Pusede, Donna B Schwede, Sam J Silva, Matthias Sörgel, Allison L Steiner, Amos P K Tai
Author Information
Olivia E Clifton: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
Arlene M Fiore: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
William J Massman: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Colleen B Baublitz: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
Mhairi Coyle: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK and The James Hutton Institute, Craigibuckler, Aberdeen, UK.
Lisa Emberson: Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK.
Silvano Fares: Council of Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, and National Research Council, Institute of Bioeconomy, Rome, Italy.
Delphine K Farmer: Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
Pierre Gentine: Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Giacomo Gerosa: Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del S. C., Brescia, Italy.
Alex B Guenther: Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
Detlev Helmig: Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
Danica L Lombardozzi: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
J William Munger: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Edward G Patton: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
Sally E Pusede: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Donna B Schwede: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
Sam J Silva: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Matthias Sörgel: Max Plank Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany.
Allison L Steiner: Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Amos P K Tai: Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short-lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely-used models. If coordinated with short-term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long-term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.
