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Apr 05, 2021;9 (4):

The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects.

Yuxin Yan, Yoongxin Pang, Zhuoyi Lyu, Ruiqi Wang, Xinyun Wu, Chong You, Haitao Zhao, Sivakumar Manickam, Edward Lester, Tao Wu, Cheng Heng Pang
Author Information
  1. Yuxin Yan: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
  2. Yoongxin Pang: New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, China.
  3. Zhuoyi Lyu: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China.
  4. Ruiqi Wang: New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, China.
  5. Xinyun Wu: New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, China. ORCID
  6. Chong You: Beijing International Center for Mathematical Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
  7. Haitao Zhao: MITMECHE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
  8. Sivakumar Manickam: Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei. ORCID
  9. Edward Lester: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. ORCID
  10. Tao Wu: Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China. ORCID
  11. Cheng Heng Pang: New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, China. ORCID
PMID: 33916489 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040349

Abstract

The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed drugs to control the outbreak. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, and a collective global effort has been invested into protection against SARS-CoV-2. As of March 2021, thirteen vaccines have been approved for application whilst over 90 vaccine candidates are under clinical trials. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and vaccination reactions of the authorised vaccines. The mechanisms, storage, and dosage specification of vaccine candidates at the advanced stage of development are also critically reviewed together with considerations for potential challenges. Whilst the development of a vaccine is, in general, in its infancy, current progress is promising. However, the world population will have to continue to adapt to the "new normal" and practice social distancing and hygienic measures, at least until effective vaccines are available to the general public.

Keywords

COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus global pandemic vaccines

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Grants

  1. 2018B10022/Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology
  2. 2018A610069/Ningbo Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology
  3. 2020E10018/Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province
Journal Article Review

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